Applying the Systems Development Life Cycle Essay

Procedure In a short paper (approximately one page), summarize how the work you have done in the previous project assignments can be integrated into the SDLC. Submission To submit this assignment, please go to the Grade Book. In the column in the Grade Book for this particular assignment, a â€Å"submit† button is available. Click on this button to be directed to your Personal Workspace where you will be able to upload and then submit this assignment. Please make sure you are submitting the final version of the assignment. The submit feature will be unavailable after submitting the assignment. Please do not post this assignment as an attachment in the Forum*. It must be submitted through the submit feature in the Grade Book. For more detailed directions and assistance for submitting assignments, please utilize the â€Å"help† feature located in the left hand navigation bar. Once at the â€Å"help† screen, choose the â€Å"How do I submit an assignment in the Grade Book† link from the â€Å"Courses† section. *Some assignments require the sharing and/or peer review of written work. In these cases, your instructor may also require you to post your assignment in a public message (i.e., to the entire class) in the Forum. Evaluation This assignment is worth 75 points. This assignment will be evaluated on the following criteria: †¢Completeness — Addresses each step/component/element required by project assignments with no obvious omissions. †¢Timeliness — Completed within specified timeframe. †¢Synthesis — Applies and/or synthesizes course content, required readings, independent research, and original thought into project as appropriate. †¢Clarity and Concision — Project composition isstructured logically, focused, well organized, and flows well. Conveys ideas clearly and concisely. †¢Language Conventions — Project consistently employs conventional English spelling, grammar, punctuation, syntax, and paragraph construction. †¢Application of Technology — Demonstrates application of technology to the project that is realistic and appropriate for the selected professional context.

Nursing: Years Ago and Today

The history of nursing, a segment of the white collar service sector, reflects the general trends in the transformation of work that gave rise to the new, dependent, salaried, white collar workforce, in conflict over the construct of professionalism. Although previously independent practitioners, by the end of World War II, a decisive majority of nurses were forced to find employment in the newly emerging bureaucratic hospitals as their opportunities for autonomous nurse-patient relationships diminished (Melosh 32). In the nation's hospitals, nurses were subject to processes of bureaucratic control very much like those described by Edwards for both production and nonproduction workers (Edwards 17). Invisible mechanisms of control, including the human capital notion of professionalism and the use of written rules to govern nurses' tasks and supervision, were invoked to discipline this white collar workforce. Historically, nurses' responses to these constraints have been filled with conflict. In the 18th century, nursing was merely another of women’s domestic chores. By the early 19th century, however, nursing had emerged as an occupation performed by respectable working-class women, primarily widows and spinsters. It was a specialty within domestic service, consisting primarily of cleaning a patient's body, linen, and dressings. This kind of labor was considered by most 19th-century men and women as an extension of woman's â€Å"natural† biological capacity for domesticity, docility, nurturance, and willingness to sacrifice (Berg 21). A fine line separated the 19th-century nurse from the domestic servant, as both were expected to perform household chores. By 1868, however, they were more clearly differentiated by salary; the nurse earned $1.00 to $2.00 a day whereas the servant earned only $2.22 per week (Reverby 9). Because of the close association with dirty domestic work, few middle-class women entered nursing. Until the Civil War, nursing remained an occupation performed by poor, older, single women with no formal education or training. These women were often drawn from rural areas into the cities in search of paid work, where their options were generally sewing, lodging borders, domestic service, or nursing. By 1870, there were over 10,000 women officially employed as nurses in the United States. Until the 20th century, hospital nursing was less prevalent than household nursing since most births, deaths, and illnesses occurred in the home. The majority of Americans did not see the inside of a hospital until the turn of the century. Hospitals were barely hospitals as we now know them. They were charitable institutions built by philanthropists at the end of the 18th century for the poor, the socially marginal, or the unemployed. Indeed, many hospitals evolved out of public almshouses. Patients in both public and voluntary hospitals were incarcerated for dependence as much as for disease in the 1870s (Vogel 105), and their hospital stay was often for weeks or months, not days. Impermeable walls and guarded gates surrounded the institutions, enabling hospitals to assert some control over the working class, immigrant, or destitute patient. Although benevolent, hospitals treated their patients disdainfully, with authoritarianism and paternalism. Their purpose was to provide the patient with moral uplift while instilling social control. Hospital administrators believed their patients were from â€Å"the very lowest; from abodes of drunkenness and vice in almost every form, where the most depressing and corrupting influences were acting on both body and mind† (Vogel 24). Children were decontaminated upon arrival and taught â€Å"discipline, purity and kindness.† The trustees hoped this regimen would reform the children, who would then bring â€Å"newly refined manners, quickened intellect and softened hearts† back to their homes. Some hospitals attempted to reform adults as well because they believed society benefited not just by saving these workers but also by â€Å"rekindling in them their faith in social order† (Vogel 26). Nurses in these hospitals were generally ambulatory patients themselves, caring for fellow â€Å"inmates.† If not actual patients, hospital nurses originated from the same poor and working-class sectors of society as the patients. They often held several jobs simultaneously and were frequently reprimanded for â€Å"sewing-out† (manufacturing garments on the ward) while on duty (Reverby 24). The status of the 19th-century hospital nurse was very low, comparable to the status of all female patients at this time. The female patient of 1870 was characterized in a letter to the Boston Evening Transcript as â€Å"a woman who has fallen into the sins of the wayside†¦ too weak to resist the temptations which have beset their unguarded footsteps† (Vogel 26). Similarly, the hospital nurse was characterized by Florence Nightingale, the 19th-century British reformer, as â€Å"too old, too weak, too drunk, too dirty, too stolid or too bad to do anything else† (Reverby 26). Hence, stringent rules governing general behaviors regarding sex, language, and use of alcohol and tobacco were enforced for both patients and nurses in the hospital. Although nurses lived in close proximity to the patients, they were forbidden to socialize with them. In order to prevent them from socializing or drinking with the patients, nurses were kept busy from 5:00 a.m. until 9:30 p.m. They were continually scrubbing patients, garments, and wards, since sanitation was the only method of disease prevention in the 19th-century hospital. When they had completed these tasks, they were given innumerable others to keep them in line. In addition to such domestic tasks, nurses were often responsible for providing more serious health care in the doctor's frequent absence as well. They often managed labor and delivery cases independently. This forced nurses to exercise independent medical judgments, despite doctors' prevailing expectation that nurses would be completely subservient to them. With the taste of autonomy, nurses began to expect greater latitude in their work. They began to see themselves as adult wage workers, not children to be controlled by the hospital â€Å"family,† as the hospital trustees portrayed the workplace. The face of nursing changed during the Civil War. Middle- and upper-class women, motivated by patriotism, familial duty, or simply a search for meaningful work, began to work in hospitals, nursing wounded men, and raising funds for the war (Mottus 65). The unsanitary and disorganized conditions in army hospitals led to the emergence of relief associations. In 1861 the Women's Central Association of Relief was formed with the explicit purpose of â€Å"furnishing comforts and medical stores, and especially nurses in aid of the medical staff of the army†¦ and to take measures for securing a system of well trained nurses against any possible demand of war† (Mottus 24). Drawing on Nightingale's British model of army nursing, the Registration Committee on Nurses sought prospective applicants with specific qualifications: they were to wear dresses without hoops, provide references confirming their high moral character, and be no older than 45 years of age. Nurses trained according to Nightingale's nursing model, learning the laws of both morality and hygiene. The post-Civil War years, characterized by remarkable economic growth, the rise of industrial corporations, the decline of small entrepreneurs, and the emergence of urban America, engendered the expansion of relief organizations and the development of new charity organizations. Both were controlled in large part by middle- and upper-class female reformers. These women, many of whom had participated in organized nursing during the Civil War, focused on reforming the moral character of the poor, soiled by the ravages of urban society (Lubove 4-5). The expansion of the charity organization movement represented another response by a troubled middle class to the social dislocation of the post-Civil War industrial city: â€Å"Charity organization was a crusade to save the city from itself and from the evils of pauperism and class antagonism. It was an instrument of social control for the conservative middle class† (Lubove 5). In the post-Civil War hospital, middle-class women joined forces with hospital trustees and developed training schools for nurses. The reformers' purpose was to â€Å"save† the country girl from the city, foster a profession of nursing, and reform the hospital. They attempted to carry out this goal by developing a cadre of trained, professional, middle-class nurses. The hospital trustees, however, sought nurses as a cheap labor force for the hospital. During the depression years of the 1890s, the hospital moved away from being a charity organization (Rosner 119). Philanthropists, affected by financial crises themselves, were no longer able to be the sole supporters of the institutions. Hospital trustees turned to the middle-class patient as a new source of income for hospitals. This change motivated trustees to alter the hospital's architecture as well as its workforce. Its image became more hotel-like, with private rooms, private doctors, and private nurses. The reformers convinced the trustees that young, educated nurses of middle-class origins would be more appropriate caretakers for wealthier patients than untrained, working-class nurses. Hence, while the middle-class reformers were attempting to create a profession for respectable middle-class women, embodying Victorian America's idealized vision of upper-class womanhood (empathy, gentility, and dedication to service), the trustees were still seeking an inexpensive yet disciplined workforce. The middle-class student nurse was their answer. One of the first training schools for nurses emerged in 1889 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital as a joint effort between the women reformers and the hospital trustees. They sought applications from Episcopalian and Presbyterian daughters of the clergy and the professions (James 214). The reformers hoped such a school would become the new social incubator for daughters of the new middle class. They sought only educated and refined students; women who had previously worked in the mills or domestic service were discouraged from applying. The reformers argued that only women with proper, virtuous backgrounds could enhance the moral atmosphere of the hospital. Student nurse training meant working 13-hour days at domestic duties under strict military discipline. Understaffing and medical emergency continually forced students into positions for which they were unprepared. These poor work conditions of overwork, lack of adequate training, bad food, and arbitrary discipline took their toll on the students, resulting in the 1910s in strikes against nursing supervisors (Reverby 37). During the 1930s and into the 1940s the private duty market collapsed altogether (Melosh 197). The new array of hospital techniques for both patients and nurses fostered a new role for some nurses, however: that of hospital foreman, supervising a new hierarchy of subsidiary nurses. The nursing professionalizers urged hospital administrators to hire educated graduate nurses of middle-class origins for these positions. Administrators were not hard to persuade on this point since they were able to hire nurses with more education and experience for the same wage as the student nurse, given depression-era unemployment. At first, grateful for work, graduate nurses accepted this condition. In time, however, graduate nurses responded to this situation with unrest, high rates of absenteeism, and turnover. Conflicts between adherents of the more elitist, human capital interpretation of professionalism and proponents of the need to work continue to resonate from staff and head nurses today. Many staff nurses claim that besides taking care of patients, they’re working to put shoes on their children’s feet and nursing administrators just don't see that they work to support their life outside the hospital too. Such a comment was just as appropriate in the 1880s as it was in 1985. The same debates still rage on. Besides, there are two current health care issues facing the profession of nursing today: a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and burnout, both noted as causes for a nursing shortage.   There is a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and there are at least two apparent reasons for this: geographic immobility and a lack of incentives for rural and inner-city hospitals. Nursing is a very demanding and stressful profession. Burnout is described by Annette T. Vallano in Your Career in Nursing, as a form of mental, physical, emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal exhaustion that is not easily restored by sleep or rest.   Nurses experience burnout when they are overwhelmed and unable to cope with the day-to-day stress of their work over long periods of time.   Burnout may also be a reason that many nurses have decided to work only part-time, thus burnout may be a contributing factor to the nursing-shortage problem. All in all, nursing has evolved from the days of Florence Nightingale to a highly respected and educated profession.   But there are challenges for the future.   In short, â€Å"the nursing profession needs to begin to recognize new trends and patterns† (Lowenstein1), while also recognizing â€Å"it is crucial that nurses learn to generate new ideas for care, utilizing the new medical and communication technologies that are blossoming daily, but also keeping our high touch together with the high tech† (Lowenstein 1). Works cited Edwards, Richard. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books. 1979. Berg, Barbara. The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism: The Woman and the City, 1800-1860. New York: Oxford University Press. 1978. James, Janet. â€Å"Isabel Hampton and the Professionalization of Nursing in the 1890s†. In Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel (eds.), The Therapeutic Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1979. Lowenstein, Arlene. â€Å"Vision for the future of nursing.† ICUS NURS WEB J, 16, Oct/ Dec 2003 http://www.nursing.gr/editorialLowenstein.pdf. Lubove, Roy. The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1965. Melosh Barbara. The Physician's Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1982. Mottus, Jane E. New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 1980. Reverby, Susan. Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1987. Rosner, David. A Once Charitable Enterprise: Hospitals and Health Care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Vallano, Annette. Your Career in Nursing. Kaplan; 3rd edition. January 3, 2006. Vogel, Morris. The Invention of the Modern Hospital, Boston, 1870-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980. ;

A Nation of Idiots Analysis

What evidence does Moore offer to support his contention that America is a nation of idiots? Is calling us all a nation of idiots an effective way to get our attention and sympathies? Moore shares a number of personal experiences in this selection to dramatize his disgust with formal education. Overall, how would you characterize his attitude toward school and schooling? What textual evidence leads you to make those conclusions?What are the potential problems with using this kind of rhetorical or argumentative strategy in his writing? Moore offers evidence of public ignorance to support that America is a nation of idiots. He does this by stating, â€Å"Only 11 percent of the American public bothers to read a daily newspaper, beyond the funny pages or the used car ads† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 129).This example is a good reflection of Moore’s attitude and style of grabbing the reader’s attention. He relates to the readers in simple terms, but always with a hint of sarcasm. I believe that calling America a â€Å"nation of idiots† is an effective way of getting us to listen. The way Moore sees it, schools have used various tactics to educate its students and politicians have used different forms of engaging the public, but the public is not interested.Moore states, â€Å"A nation that not only churns out illiterate students but goes out of its way to remain ignorant and stupid is a nation that should not be running this world – at least not until a majority of its citizens can locate Kosovo (or any other country it has bombed) on the map† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 129). The potential problem with using this kind of rhetorical strategy in his writing is that the readers probably do not think of themselves as â€Å"idiots† and therefore will assume that Moore’s words do not apply to them and readers will tune out.Another problem is Moore will offend some of his audience and naturally these audience members will become defensive and disregard Moore’s current and future work. Moore does not see schooling in America as an effective way of educating the nation. He also views it as a very harmful environment that teaches children not to question authority and not to think, but rather do as they are told. â€Å"They learn that to rock the boat could get them rocked right out of school† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 143).

Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communications - Essay Example However, photographing something appropriates the object as well. In comparison and contrast to documenting the past and linking it to the present and future through words, photography has a lesser manipulative element, leading to better expectations of authenticity. Photographs are not necessarily statements about the world as much as they are pieces of the world itself, miniatures of reality that is accessible to all. Photographs have become a constant means of experimentation, at the hands of the earlier artists who tried to use it as an effective medium, of the modern consumerist specialists and of those who document history and culture through them. The best means to popularize and preserve photographs is through publishing them in a book. But this would restrict the option to order them in accordance with the viewer’s preference. It also leads to a situation where quality time is not spent on viewing them, or where they are discarded altogether. Using photographs innovatively for the public was carried out by the movie Si j’avais quatre by Chris Marker. But the problem with such films is that they don’t provide photographs as collectibles. Since photographs furnish evidence, it had been used for political purposes as well. The Paris police has used photographic evidence in the murderous roundup of Communards. Photographs also justify an act, providing proof that it has happened. The relation photographs have to reality is more innocent and accurate than other mimetic objects. While painting and prose are narrowly selective interpretation, photography can be considered narrowly selective transparency. However, the elements of taste and conscience attribute an interpretative aspect to photographs. When someone aspired to attain a specific mood or message through photographs, the photographer’s view is transposed to the object photographed. Photography differs from painting due to its utilitarian aspect. In the early

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example The TRIPS agreement carries more force than any other provisions established to promote equitable trade and commerce by the WTO, as it is a mandate whose provisions must be adhered to by all participating members of the WTO (Mercurio, 2004). The TRIPS agreement attempted to provide flexibility for member nations who might receive fewer benefits from the mandated patent rights stipulations; however, soon after its implementation it became apparent to many observers and participants alike that the provisions of the TRIPS agreement were more favourable to economically privileged nations than to member nations of the so-called third world (de Almeida, 1990). One of the most disheartening consequences of the TRIPS agreement was that it had the effect of limiting access to life saving drugs by poorer nations who could not afford the high cost of pharmaceuticals while under patent protection (Mercurio, 2004). This resulted in long delays (often years) between the development of new drugs to treat disease endemic to poorer nations such as HIV-AIDS and their availability in these countries (Abbott, 2005). In its attempt to level the playing field, so to speak, and offer all WHO member nations the same rights of protection for inventions, novel technologies and processes, the TRIPS agreement overlooked the basic fact that member nations of the WHO are not a level playing field, but have individual economic bases that would be unequally served by the implementation of this protective mandate (Ewelukwa, 2005).

Texas Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Texas Exceptionalism - Essay Example The reason as to why they are famous for this or rather described as such is because of the following reasons. The State has the largest percentages of uninsured children, Non-Elderly insured, population with food insecurity, Teenage Birth Rate, Overall Birthrate, amount of toxic wastes released into water and air just to mention but a few (Nackman 57). The answer to the origin of this observation is not easy since more than six nations have colonized the whole State or some parts of Texas. This dates back to the 18th century when Texas was ruled by Spain. Mexico then took over Texas in 1836. Later, the Anglo settlers in Texas rebelled against the Mexican rulers and brought about their own form of civilization in Texas. This study normally aims at understanding how the ways of the early settlers in Texas have found their way into the present times without much change. The early settlers were complex, greedy, divided and racist. The people of Texas have always viewed themselves as sup erior to other people (Nackman 87). They believe that they are exceptional people who have amazing powers and were intended to establish an original country. Therefore, the early Settlers, commonly referred to as Anglo settlers are the ones who created Texas

Two Icons of Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Icons of Renaissance Art - Essay Example While many renowned names involve in this artistic stream, there are few who hold their stands unmatched as the propagators of artistic cultures. Two of such names are Botticelli and Raphael who introduced and developed a personal insightful depiction of some contemporary concepts and universal portrayals. Two notable works of art from Botticelli and Raphael are The birth of Venus (Botticelli) and Mond Crucifixion (Raphael). Those two works of art are very much the representing pieces for their contemporary culture picking up classical foundations to mount with artistic rendering of subtle individual depictions. Heritage of classical ages During renaissance, new developments and imaginations of most artists had come out of the classical traditions of arts. Notably, modernism had not touched the world and breaking of rules was limited only up to the imaginations of artists. Thus, artist of earlier renaissance period opted to provide their insights to some traditional themes. Both The Birth of Venus and Mond crucifixion are grounded in deep Christian imagination of human conditions. As in The birth of Venus, the iconography does not entail a violation of themes dwelling in contemporary consciousness. Similarly, in Mond Crucifixion depiction of Jesus is portrayed as a calm figure even when crucified. Theological icons as Venus and Jesus had a very specific place in classical artistic culture. On the other hand church’s influences were quite dominant over artistic depictions till renaissance. However, during renaissance most of the painters and artists had been associated and were adorned by the church too. It is mostly the style, imaginative depiction of surrounding and use of different shades which had put those arts on steps ahead of the classical ages. Materials, Style and Colors As Botticelli belonged to an era when Oil paintings were not popularized up to an extent The birth of Venus was painted on tempera while Mond Crucifixion arrived at a time when popularity of oil paintings had overtook the use of tempera around whole Europe. Historically too, Oil paintings proved to be more facilitative compared to tempera. Tempera dries very fast and painters had to be very accurate in mixing the paint. Oil painting proved to be easier to use enhancing numerous opportunities to painters to use fast brushstrokes. Comparing The birth of Venus to Mond Crucifixion, the use of oil in the later provides much scope to paint the background while in The birth of Venus background is dissolved into sea with very keen strokes till the end which is quite essential in a tempera material. In both the paintings, use of colors and lights is straight away comparable as The birth of Venus provides a little fading effect towards the third dimension while Mond Crucifixion holds sharper colors and clearer lights to sustain with the aura of Jesus which is essentially to be preserved in the painting. The birth of Venus is visualized with the imaginative beauty of painter’s convictions to the relevant matter described by many earlier artists. Instead of the three Hours of Homer's hymn and Poliziano's poem, he shows us one fair nymph, in a white robe, embroidered with blue corn-flowers, springing lightly forward to offer Venus a pink mantle sown with daisies. In the laurel groves along the shore, we see a courtly allusion to the "Laurel who sheltered the

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer - Term Paper Example Thus, classification of tumors in diverse types and subtypes along with the identification of individuals who are at the potential risk of cancer is gaining prevalence. A combination of data procured from gene-expression and genomic information aids in the detection of possible new targets for designing high-throughput screening strategies for designing drugs that will lead to advances in cancer cell-targeted therapy. The present article deals with the importance of understanding for oncogenes to comprehend breast cancer. Introduction Cancer is known as malignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cells grow, divide and die, but in a genetic defect called mutation occur in cancer cells leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machine of the cells, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. When compared with the normal cells, where damage of any k ind is taken care by the repair system, tumor cells do not have any repair mechanism for the damaged DNA and there is a constant proliferation of cells without displaying senescence hence, generating a series of abnormal cells, with altered cellular pathways for uncontrolled proliferation, figuring malignant tumors (Alberts 2007; Katzang et al. 2009). (Normal cell cycle) (Genetic mutation- causes alteration in genes) (Alberts 2007) Cancer cells manifest, to varying degrees, four characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells, comprising- uncontrolled proliferation, de-differentiation and loss of function, invasiveness and metastasis (Rang et al. 2007). The Genesis of a Cancer Cell A normal cell turns into a cancer cell because of one or more mutations in its DNA, which can be inherited or acquired. In case of the breast cancer, woman who inherits a single defective copy of either of these tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 displays an augmented risk of developing breast cancer. However, carcinogenesis is a complex, multistage process, usually involving more than one genetic change. Other epigenetic factors responsible for carcinogenesis involve epigenetic factors, such as level of hormones in the body, exposure to carcinogens and tumor promoting agents. These epigenetic factors do not produce cancer by themselves but enhances the likelihood of genetic mutation(s) resulting in cancer. These genetic changes are categorized as - A. The activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes are the normal genes present in the cells and are responsible for controlling cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. A triggering factor such as a virus or exposure to any carcinogen brings malignant changes in the cell. B. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: A cell has the mechanism to protect itself from uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation due to expression of genes called tumor suppressor genes. These genes possess the ability to suppress malignant changes and are also referred as antioncogenes. Mutation in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in the proliferation of tumor. Thus, a loss of function of tumor supp

Masculinity and Fight Club Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Masculinity and Fight Club - Research Paper Example Palahniuk, the author of Fight Club, recognizes that the concept of internalized oppression continually implies the likelihood of ones somehow transcending or mastering the admittedly deeply oppressive system by which the main characters are articulated as a sexed subject. Masculinity allows Palahniuk to unveil problems and weaknesses of pop culture and place a modern man in this new society. The main character, an unnamed narrator, suffers from depression and anxiety caused by poor job conditions and low salary. It assumes that a line of demarcation can be clearly drawn between tyranny and liberation, between inside and outside, and works to reify these binary oppositions. To some extend, fatally mortgaged to bourgeois individualism, it insists (like so many twelve-step programs) that one can obtain a cure by an act of will (which looks to me far more like an act of repression). Thesis The theme of masculinity helps the author to depict the culture of violence, cruelty and oppression created by pop culture and its values. For as the narrative makes clear, the sexual identity is finally revealed to be fictive, which is to say, strictly relational and dependent upon the roles assigned the participants by a particular scenario. The narrator describes his state as: â€Å"This week the insomnia is back. Insomnia, and now the whole world figures to stop by and take a dump on my grave â€Å"(Palahniuk 1999, p. 88). In becoming a spectacle, â€Å"another man,† the main character accedes to the new economy of desire that insists on the unique nature of identities. It also bears witness to the vexed relation between the political and the sexual in American culture and the fact that queer identities at once disrupt the binary opposition between the public and the private and reinforce the belief that the private is the central determining feature, not just of subjectivity, but of the social as well (Connell, 2005). The symbol of the fight club is the main image of masculinity

Designing VB Applications Across Multiple Platforms Essay

Designing VB Applications Across Multiple Platforms - Essay Example It enables the programmers to create a source code that is specific, easy to read, and explicit. Some of the advantages of implementing the naming convention system are: It supports the use of the tools used for searching and replacing, which has minimal possible of incurring an error. It makes it clear for one to understand the source code since ambiguity will is made minimal. It gives the source code a look that is professional-like. It also gives the code an aesthetic look. So we can conclude that the naming convention beautifies the code. It facilitates consistency, hence enabling the readers to base their focus on the content of the source code, rather that its layout. In the code, the content as opposed to the layout is the most important. It gives extra information about the source code, hence making it easy for the reader to understand the code. This additional information makes the code to be self-descriptive. The user is able to understand the function of each line of code. One is able to make amendments and maintain the source code with ease. It makes it easy for other programmers to easily understand your code. This enables other programmers to be able to upgrade your code with ease in future. ... The unit is supposed to come last, starting with an underscore and without being cased. The use of the Option Explicit. This statement entails the declaration of all variables used in the Visual Basic code. Declaring of variables helps in saving on the programming time, by minimizing the amount of bugs caused as a result of typos (Snell & Powers 2010). The following steps can be used to create a calendar scheduling system: On the Start Menu, Go to All Program, then the Windows Calendar. Click on the New Task Button, or the New Appointment’s Button. This enables one to start on a new and an empty appointment that one can add on their Windows Calendar. One is now able to add information on the new appointment. This is done on the details pane. This is where one specifies whether they want the Windows Calendar to remind them about the task. Click anywhere outside of the Appointment’s Pane to view the task that you added to the created appointment. The View Button enables o ne to make a cycle throughout the views. One can be able to select the required view from the sequence of views. A Calendarscope is a calendar developing software that enables one to plan, manage, and schedule special events, for instance meetings, appointments, among others. It enables one to view all their events on a daily, a weekly, a monthly, or a yearly basis. One can be able to get a quick glance of one day using any view of the calendar. Using this software, one can be able to create single or frequent responsibilities and events, set a reminder for events that are upcoming, put different colors for the different types of items, among other things. It supports many features, among them the drag

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay Example for Free

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding behaviorism, conditioning, modeling and self regulation. Students can be problematic if proper resolutions aren’t put in place when a dilemma arises. There is a great emphasis on the importance and relevance in motivating the students in the classroom. Without the knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability. Teachers must portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism can be defined in several ways and some characteristics of a professional teacher include being committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to make routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, conduct a critical self examination of one’s teachings, i. . reflective practice, and acquire the element of professional knowledge to constantly improve, develop and expand one’s methods of teaching to maximize learning environments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 – 6). One obstacle a teacher may face is if he or she gets asked a question that they don’t know the answer to. Students look up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173). Understanding each topic is simply not enough; a teacher needs to be able to represent topics in an understandable way that is appropriate to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of content then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the learning process in order to enhance productive learning comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include: selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities respectively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment between the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 – 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt incorrect answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and create a sense of equilibrium are all strategies to ensure a produc tive and manageable classroom. The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is â€Å"influenced by stimuli from the environment† (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, feeling nervous before an exam is a learned behavior due to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can be positive or negative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner. If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students will gradually associate learning to the teacher’s manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acceptable behaviors through observing adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to motivate learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and verbalize the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may face is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of passing it, as clas sical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age. The teacher must describe one’s thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in turn encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive theory. Cognitive, behavioral and emotional change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects people by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183). These observations lead to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and monitoring that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes responsibility and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process. A common obstacle teacher’s face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and stimulate them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, show a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72). There are two broad forms of motivation; extrinsic – where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs’ that they can, and are doing well as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation. The teacher can also help students find personal meaning and value in the material as viewed by cognitive and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students’ success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too difficult which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide variety of needs. While teachers can’t make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they make on students’ learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display. Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional reaction that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.

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Term Papers and College Essay Examples Essay Its easy to access all of our free essays and term papers. We simply ask that students create a free account and submit one of their own research papers. Remember, you should always write your own coursework. We have a large selection of model essays to help you improve your own writing ability. Start searching today. American History (2421) Biographies (1156) Book Reports (2429) Business (6027) English (7888) History Other (2336) Miscellaneous (5864) Music and Movies (888) Philosophy (846) Psychology (1528) Religion (903) Science (2253) Social Issues (4547) Technology (1793) Read more:  A person you admire essay Essay Stats Essays: 40 924 Todays essays: 17 Comments: 14 796 Ratings: 51 919 Members: 511 805Newest Essays Project Post Mortem Future Of Fashion Find The Time Sociology Of Sport Performance Management Accounting 250 Internet Shopping Rhondas Paper Human Resources The Fairness More Essays  » Popular Topics Hindi Essay Marathi Essay Importance Of Education My Childhood Memories Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Unforgettable The Person i Admire Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Memorable Day Of My In Kannada More Topics  » Subscribe to our Term Papers and College Essay Examples Welcome to All Free Essays, where you can search essays, term papers and reports written by students for free!

Divorces Development And Influence On Modern Society History Essay

Divorces Development And Influence On Modern Society History Essay Our ability to form and be part of enduring and lifelong lasting families is a basic human necessity, and a need everyone tries to fulfill. However, changes in time lead to changes in family structures as well as in family principles. This essay will review the relatively new reality of divorce as a cultural phenomenon and will make an attempt to explain its effect on modern western society. Firstly, it will do so by explaining the recent rise in divorce through researching how the change from pre-industrial, rural society to modern, industrial society led to a change in family ties and personal social relationships [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. Secondly, this paper will explain the historical development of divorce jurisdictions. Lastly, this paper will examine the connection between the rise of individuality and the rise in divorce. As time progresses, events occur that will lead to changes in civilization. The most recent, major change that took place in history was the global transformation brought on by the Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution resulted in extensive changes in society and started to form how it is today. Since these changes occurred in a rapid and extreme manner, traditional rules were no longer suitable to be applied in this renewed world. For instance, technological inventions were not only the main factor in making the Industrial Revolution possible; they also enabled developments in science and rapidly increased mans knowledge of the physical universe. The revolution transforming civilization threatened the existence of the dominant religion of Christianity. Foremost, before the industrialization, the Church had adapted itself to the predominate rural economy. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution this economy changed, for towns and cities were developing at speed. Due to the the vast rise in population during the Industrial Revolution, a brutal exploitation of labour became the new standard. The terrible working conditions, poverty, and the deterioration of morals caused anger to grow towards the current system and the Church, who failed to remedy the situation. This eventually lessened the influence of the Church. Over time, it even lead to a change of focus in society; from the collective social structure, based on family, it moved to the importance and development of the individual. In addition, technical inventions led to urbanization as well as it offered geographical mobility. In the course of industrialization, the consequenses of these aspects can be viewed through the change in family ties. HÃ ¶llinger and Haller discuss, amongst other things, the impact of urbanization on kinship structure. In rural areas people meet their relatives, especially their extended kin, more frequently than do their fellow countrymen in urban areas. On the international level. this means that the higher the degree of urbanization of the respective countries, the larger the spatial distance from relatives and the less frequent are contacts with kin. [112] Thus, urbanization and the newly found ability to cover great ranges of land led people to live from growing distance from their kin. Because of these developments, contacts with the extended family were reduced, while emotional bonds with the nuclear family strengthened [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. Furthermore, another aspect that was introduced in modernized society was that the individuals social ties could now be shaped throughout his or her life. This newly found possibility even applied to closest friends and, more importantly, to kin. No more are relationships toward close kin necessarily seen as a life-long commitment [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. In most Western nations, over one-third of all marriages ends in dissolvement [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 103]. It can be said that this important change in family structure is in fact the norm in todays society. In conclusion, the changes in economic innovation seem to go hand in hand with the variation in levels of social ties with kin [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110], just as the loosening of family ties seems to coinside with the rise of divorce. As has been discussed in the previous paragraphs, a new social structure arose as a result of the Industrial Revolution. When focussing on divorce, it can thus be said that the concept is a relatively recent phenomenon. Divorce has never been as extensive in modern Western society as it has become in current times [Phillips ix]. Additionally, just as society did, the law had to undergo a transformation in most countries as well. Since England was the first to feel the effects of the Industrial Revolution, this country will be used to exemplify the development in divorce jurisdiction. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the English law mostly took the Christian standpoint on marriage on as a rule, defining it as a lifelong lasting union and leaving little room for the option of dissolvement. Nevertheless, a growth in demand for divorce during the Industrial Revolution can be seen in the table on the next page. In this table, the dissolution of individual marriages in England by private Act of Parliament is shown by a periodic interval of ten years [Phillips 65]. The table clearly demonstrates the early rise in divorce as the Industrial Revolution progressed. However still uncommon, such divorces were evolving into regular occurrences [Phillips 64]. In this stage, divorce was only open to male artistocrats, for divorce was almost exclusively monopolized by men, and costs of the procedure were high [Phillips 66]. Additionally, the only acceptable premise for divorce was the wifes proven adultery. Despite these disadvantages, the only legal way by which a marriage could be resolved in England remained parliamentary divorce until 1858, when the countrys first divorce law was implemented [Phillips 64]. The 1858 Matrimonial Causes Act made divorce possible for all people, including women. Still, women who divorced on the premise of adultery not only had to prove their husband unfaithfulness, but had to prove additional wrongdoings as well, such as cruelty, incest or desertation for two years or more [National Archives]. In 1923, a private members bill facilitated the process for women to plead for divorce on grounds of adultery, although, it still needed to be proved [A Brief History of Divroce]. A change in legislation occurred in 1937, when divorce was permitted on other grounds, for instance drunkenness, insanity, and desertation [A Brief History of Divorce]. Up until this time, divorce was still considered to be taboo, and a shameful process to undertake. However, over the next period, the modernization of society and the developement in social structures in terms of individuality and eqaulity in gender gradually changed the view towards divorce and therefore called for a different approach in the law concerning it. This resulted in the Divorce Reform Act, which was passed in 1969. The Divorce Reform Act permitted divorce if the couple requesting it had been seperated for more than two years, or for more than five years if the divorce was requested by only one spouse [A Brief History of Divorce]. This revision is considered to be a landmark in the law concerning divorce because a spouse no longer had to prove his or her partners fault; a marriage could be dissolved if it had broken down beyond repair [A Brief History of Divorce]. Most importantly, the Divorce Reform Act created the basic structure of Englands divorce law today. Furthermo re, it can be said that the regulation in divorce jurisdictions is closely linked to the process of gender equality. In other words, the development in womens right can be linked back to the history of divorce laws. The increase in divorce lessened the taboo that used to stigmatize it, resulting in a shift of focus in society. When directing attention to the European social structure, it can be said that the notions of family in different countries are overall quite similar. The divorce rates, however, are not. The divorce rates in various European countries are shown in the table on the next page [Divorce Magazine]. When examining the table and the differences in divorce rates, a number of results are quite striking. Firstly, the top three European countries with the highest percentage of marriage ending in divorce are all Scandinavian countries. Secondly, the three most southern European countries -Portugal, Spain, and Italy- reside at the bottom of the list. As has been mentioned before, economic modernization and various degrees in social contacts seem to be closely linked [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. Additionally, it can be said that the higher percentage of marriage ending in divorce in Northwestern and Central Europe is not only an effect of industrial development but also of the endurance of particular preindustrial family structures [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. Through this, the exeptionally low divorce rate of, for example, Italy can be explained. As is demonstrated in the table, only ten percent of all marriages in Italy end in dissolvement. When comparing Italys sociocultural history with present norms and traditions, it can be seen that the concept of strong family ties, which has deep social and cultural roots in this country, is an aspect of Italian life that is still of high importance today [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. The powerful influence of the Roman Catholic Church, which beliefs concerning family principals do not permit divorce, has often been ascribed as a reason for that [HÃ ¶llinger and Haller 110]. This influence seems to be stronger in Italy than in other Southern European countries such as Spain and Portugal, whos sociocultural family traditions closely resemble those of Italy. However, it could be argued that the existence of the Vatican and Pope seem to keep Christianity more alive in Italy than in other countries. In contrast to the decreasing influence of the familial structure on modern society, the concept of individuality and non-kinship ties gained importance over time. In other words, over this century, the life course has become individualized. () Because individual lives in the past were more integrated with familial goals, many decisions today considered individual, such as starting work, leaving home, and getting married, were part of collective family timing strategies. [Hareven 107-108]. The development of individuality and thus the importance of friends in modern society can be seen in the table below. In this table, HÃ ¶llinger and Haller present an overview of the expectations people have of those around them in emergency situations. The results from seven different Western countries tallied to show for which roles expectations were higher. For example, the highest percentage of people answered that they rely on their partner for instrumental as well as emotional assistance. It it interesting to note, however, that friends hold the second highest place. In the preindustrial times, the results would show a greater percentage of reliance on family members. This graph helps to illustrate that the decrease in familial ties correlates with the rise in divorce. Additionally, the rise in divorce coinsides with the movement towards the idea of marriage being a union between two people in love, rather than a union of convenience. In most Western societies, marriage is no longer prevailed by a difference in status or race. In this sense, divorce is now seen as a notion of freedom, just as marriage is. Thus, divorce paved the way for many other marital phenomenon and disertations from the traditional family structure, such as inter-racial marriages, gay marriages, cohabitation without marriage, single-parent adoption, and so on. In short, the Industrial Revolution altered society during the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Urbanization, technical inventions, scientific discoveries, and the decrease of influence of the Church had great impact on the existing social structure and thus, on kinship ties. As a result, divorce became a regular occurence, which led to a development in divorce jurisductions. Nowadays, the European concepts of family are generally similar, while the divorce rates are not. The existence of lower divorce rates can be explained by a higher influence of Christianity in combination with deeply embedded sociocultural family traditions. Over time, as family ties loosened, non-kinship ties have gained importance. This rise in individuality is also closely linked to the rise in divorce. On the whole, divorce smoothed the path for the acceptance and legal recognition of various other matrimonial situations as well as other options that differ from the traditional notion of fami ly.

communication report :: essays research papers

Communication Report Effective Communication Changes the World This flowing report takes a look at some of the methods of communication observed at Liberty Bell Component Inc. over the past seven weeks. The report may discuss three communication models: 1) an external email message from LBC’s sales department. LBC use email to communicate with their customer mentioned that they were offering a discount on marketable products, 2) a fax message from sales manager. LBC use fax message to complaint about the late delivered, and 3) an external letter from LBC’s sales manager. LBC invited their business members to join the Component Convention in 2005. Each communication model may include three subjects: models’ describe, analyze and recommendation. The report may describe each model in great detail, and analysis the communication with the information necessary for assessing the effectiveness. Describe and analyze the communication model of E-mail message *Please see Appendix I This is an external email message from LBC to the U.S. manufacture’s company. The email subject is â€Å"discount on marketable products†. In this email, LBC offered a special offer of a10% discount on all their products to their customers for only a month. They mentioned the products were very marketable, and it is their final stock and is now out of production. They highly recommend their customers take advantage of this offer and make large order. The tone of the message gave stress the benefits for the reader. In the end of the paragraph, LBC using highlight on the sentence to remind their customers LBC cannot accept the order once they have elapsed. Finally, LBC provided their contact information which including the phone number, fax number, email address, contact person, and company’s address. As we know the email service is always automatic showing the sender, the receiver, and the received day. Therefore, the receiver can clearly understand the sender is and when is the due day for the LBC discount. In this new electronic world, Email is an effective communication model for business to business. I believe strongly in the value of electronic mail in corporate. Email is cheaper and faster than a letter, less intrusive than a phone call, less hassle than a FAX. Using email, differences in location and time zone are less of an obstacle to communication. There is also evidence that email leads to a more egalitarian information structure. Email is more conversational than traditional paper-based media because the turnaround time can be so fast.

Essay --

Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the human species face today, yet the majority of the population does not pay attention to it. People are not aware of the dangers and do not care about it much because the main effects will affect the next generation and not themselves. Global warming is happening and it is the reason for changing weather and weather extremes such as earthquakes, floods and wildfires. Global warming is caused by societies lifestyle and these lifestyles destroy the environment and affect the whole world. The use of cars, trains, planes, as well as wasting energy for people’s entertainment has a price; this price is that society is in danger. The common definition of global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants (Global warming, Wikipedia). Moreover, the effects of global warming will bring ecological and social changes. Because there is no exact way to predict the effects of global warming, it is almost impossible to say how strong global warming will affect life in the future. Scientists blame the greenhouse gas effect in combination with societies greenhouse gas emissions for the rising temperature. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is emitted back towards the earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Simply, global... ... of extreme weather and melting ice caps are indicators of global warming. Because these things will affect society, there are important decisions that have to be made in the present as well as in the future to secure people’s lives and lifestyles. The world community is aware of this serious issue and do already prepare for projects to slow down global warming, but they still have to improve. If the world leaders stop worrying about this issue, the future generations could be in danger. The future lifestyles will be affected by the decisions made in the present day. Society has much to improve to save energy and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. There are also small things people can do to help. Individuals can live a life without wasting energy or polluting the environment. Without effort, global warming endangers the quality of life for the future generations.

Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union :: Politics Government Europe Essays

The sovereign nations of the past can no longer solve the problems of the present; they cannot ensure their own progress or control their own future. The essential thing is to hold fast to the few fixed principles that have guided us since the beginning: gradually to create among Europeans the broadest common interest, served by common democratic institutions to which the necessary sovereignty has been delegated.  ¨CJean Monnet, Memoirs In his book After Victory, John Ikenberry examines what states do with the power that comes after winning major wars. He believes the desire to maintain power encourages the states to seek ways to limit their own power to keep other states happy. Increasingly these limits are found in international institutions used to create  ¡Ã‚ °strategic restraint ¡Ã‚ ± on power. Ikenberry believes increasing reliance upon institutions causes the postwar order to increasingly take on constitutional characteristics. In this paper I am primarily interested in the institutions of the European Union. More specifically I would like to examine the European Union ¡Ã‚ ¯s struggle to develop its own institutions for maintaining international order. These are collectively known as its Common Foreign and Security Policy. Europe's Collective Security The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU) was officially established by the Maastricht Treaty and became operational in 1993. However, the European Union has been concerned about collective security since its humble beginnings as an experiment in integrated economy in post-World War II Europe. After the conclusion of World War II, Europe as well as the rest of the world struggled to determine what Germany ¡Ã‚ ¯s future should be. Some nations wanted to strip Germany of its industry and turn the entire country into farmland. Fortunately, there were those with the foresight to realize the only way to keep Europe safe was to rebuild Germany and work together to build a European Community. These men included Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer and Jean Monnet. Their vision of Europe was one where individual nations would share some of their sovereignty in exchange for a chance for peace. According to Pascal Fontaine,  ¡Ã‚ °success depended on limiting objectives to specific areas, with a major psychological impact, and introducing a joint decision-making mechanism which would gradually be given additional responsibilities. ¡Ã‚ ± The first area that was chosen for Franco-German integration was steel and coal production. European Coal and Steel Community

Blasphemous Movie on Prophet Muhammad Essay

Abstract: Media is held responsible for the distorted and caricature image of Muslims and their most holy figure prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the West. The movie â€Å"innocence of Muslims† is the most recent stereotype demonstration of them. People’s thinking on a matter, which they don’t have much knowledge about, is largely formed by what media determines, following an agenda setting theory. Islam has always been such issue in the West and Muslims have always been shown as fanatics, extremists and violent killers thus giving negative connotations to Islam. According to semiotic theory of sighs, every image or sign has a coded message, which is always decoded by different people in the same way by a common cognitive system. When the messages in the carton images of Prophet Muhammad published by a Danish magazine Jyllands-Posten in 2006 were decoded, there was an outcry in the Muslim world, which later developed a carton controversy around the global politics. This blasphemous movie of prophet Muhammad, another genre of visual communication, created the same political conflict between East and West and upheaval in the politics of Muslim countries too. The first part of my paper which is a media plan for Pakistani government to deal with the issue, analyses how Muslim world reacted to this movie and how a troublesome situation in all the Muslim countries is affecting the relations of Muslims’ with the U.S. Second part examines how western media, in the name of freedom of speech, has been deconstructing the bodies of Muslims as violent treacherous men and their religion as a danger to West. This message has been continuously shot into the heads of masses since ages analyzing magic bullet theory of media. Media effects theory can easily elucidate the results of such efforts. The article advocates media should consider ethical boundaries while discussing religions and religious entities. Key words: Muslims, stereotypes, prophet Muhammad , cartons, movies, western media, protests, politics. Background of the problem. Just a 14 minute trailer of the blasphemous movie â€Å"innocence of Muslims† caused a great upheaval in the Muslim world .the holiest figure of Islam  prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been shown in this movie as a child molester, womanizer, drunk and a violent killer. This is not the first movie, there is a list of such movies against Muslims and Islam, e.g. Black Hawk Dawn, the kingdom, the Seige, fitna, which created havoc in Muslim world and we saw riots, violence, boycotts and deaths as a result of them. Later on, such trouble tic situations were always manipulated by politicians.(see links of movies trailers in references) This movie produced by Nakoula Basseley led Muslims protests in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Iraq, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia and in many other Muslim countries including the killing of US ambassador to Libya in a violent attack by extremists. Obama and Clinton condemned this movie like many other governments of the countries, even Cindy Lee Garcia told The Hollywood Reporter that she and many actors were duped by filmmaker. â€Å"He has a price to pay, this Mr.Bacile, maybe not here on Earth, but he’ll stand before God one day for what he has done†. These protests were going on and â€Å"meanwhile a French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo published the controversial cartoons of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) further inflaming Muslims’ sentiments†.(the Dawn 30 sep) Such protests were started in earlier September in Pakistan where hundreds of thousands from all walks of life recorded their protest against this movie and publication of carton images again. Many marched towards US embassy in Islamabad and many were killed and wounded in clash with police there. There were rallies of protests nationwide having more than 45,000 people earlier in September, 21 were killed and 229 wounded, more than 200 protesters set fire to effigy of Barack Obama in the capital of Pakistani administered Kashmir.(Aljazeerah 21sep). Pakistanis are demanding from the government to stop missions with US If they don’t ban this movie altogether, though it was banned later in many Muslim countries on a request from Washington house to goggle. Problem for Pakistani Government: In Pakistan election campaigns are going on and the political parties are engaging mob in violent attacks to make unrest in the country. By highlighting the weaknesses of the government and the wrong dealings of the issue by the government, the other political parties are trying to take advantage of the situation. Many banners in the rallies led by other  political parties demand from government to shut US and French missions in Pakistan which is definitely not possible. So there is a great need to make a well developed strategy through media to handle the situation as president is loosing the popularity because of many stories of the corruption of government and this issue of blasphemy is very complex to handle as the demand to ban this movie cannot be accomplished at once like Pakistani are wishing. so is the case with their demands to shut the missions with US. Objectives of the media plan: 1) Stop the people from violent protests by giving references from Islamic values teaching peace and tolerance. 2) Gain trust and confidence of the people as a responsible government by focusing what government has done to deal with the issue. 3 minimize the nation’s hatred for US and shift their focus from their demands of not to assist US in the war going on in the region. 4) Present your nation’s viewpoint on international forums regarding the issue. Key messages of the plan: 1) By quoting from the life of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), the people should be stopped from making violent protests and showing hatred to other countries as it is leaving a bad image of the nation and the Islam as well. Media should focus how prophet has taught Muslims to be tolerant and how he hated bloodshed and violence. So key message would be â€Å"Islam is a religion of tolerance not of violence†. 2) Key message to the west should be that we respect freedom of speech but reject freedom of hatred. This movie like other blasphemous movies and carton images of prophet Muhammad fall in the category of later. Such laws should be formulated to avoid these distasteful attempts leading to the unrest in the whole world. 3) Focus on requests of Obama’s government to goggle and you tube to ban the video and also tell your nation through the media the U.S effort to make the laws against such blasphemous acts in the future, so that their hatred towards America could be minimized as their demands to shut missions with America are not easy to be considered. Theoretical framework: Edward said’s famous work on the relations of east and west received much criticism that opens with a quotation by Karl Marx: ‘they cannot represent themselves, they must be represented’. So the west took as its responsibility to represent the east and civilize them by calling them uncivilized. Said unfolds the binary opposition as â€Å"self is familiar (Europe, the west, â€Å"us†) and the other is strange (the orient, the east, â€Å"them†) (said, 1978:43) Said asserts that European knowledge of the East goes arm in arm with expansionism, exploration and settlement. He argues that the ‘Orient’ is constructed and represented in the binary opposition against the Occident, as the ‘Other’. In many respects, the Orient is seen by European values, assumptions, and cultural codes and as the Occident’s other. He criticizes the way that the Occident views the Orient by her own culturally-determined and biased and limited historical perspectives.(Moosavinia, Niazi & Ghaforian,2011) The universal declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† (United Nations 1948). Some people could argue that they have boundless rights to mock other people’s religious believes including their holy books and holy figures. In the name of freedom of speech, 12 cartoons of Muslims Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)were published by a Danish magazine. The one most debated showed prophet Muhammad as having a bomb in the cloth over his head. (Bond B, 2007) talks about Danish media landscape as â€Å"It is fair to say that the factual social vulnerability, the stereotyping, and the division between â€Å"them† and â€Å"us† in the news media, has created a very hostile rhetoric against visible foreigners and particularly Muslims.à ¢â‚¬  He also talks about Danish media representations of Muslim women. â€Å"Appearing in the 1970s the stereotype of minority women as oppressed and battered was prominent from the late 1990s to early 2000s. The  stereotype of oppressed minority women was emphasized by televised pictures of veiled women illustrating many stories about refugees and other immigrants. Another stereotype since the 1970s was the image of immigrant men as hypersexual threats to women† (Green L, & Aly A, 2011) state in their research that â€Å"there was some resentment voiced by Muslim respondents in interviews and focus groups that the media did not fully represent the diversity of Muslims and instead perpetuated stereotypes of Muslims: ‘the ugly Muslim male’ and ‘the oppressed Muslim female’. This mediated construction of Muslims was thought to provide an influential pathway for the broader community’s understanding of Muslims.† Reporting on Islam has been a mandatory part of western media agenda. A research about agenda of German media concludes as following. In summarizing the results, it can be said that in non-fictional formats such as magazines, talk shows, documentaries and reportages over 80% of the content reproduces an image of Islam that portrays this religion as a problem and a danger for politics and society. This image of Islam in the non-fictional formats of ARD and ZDF is an exaggerated image of violence and conflict, conveying the impression that Islam is less a religion than a political and social ideology that collides with the morality and values of the West. (Richter C, & Hafez K, 2009) Talking about the publication of caricature images of Muslims’ holiest figure of Muslims prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), one can solemnly say that visuals have strong power of global communication. The analysis of one of the images is as following. The turban bomb could also be interpreted as a symbolic depiction of a globe and the Arabic inscription would thus be located in the Middle East. The ideological threat of Islam is translated into a fanaticized face, meant to depict the prophet of Islam, and also the non-communicative attitude of his followers, who are focused on destruction instead of dialogue. This was one of the most criticized of the 12 cartoons, presumably because of its hostile depiction of the prophet, and because of the implication that all Muslims are potentially dangerous suicide-bombers. (Mà ¼ller M Ãâ€"zcan E, & Seizov O, 2009). The examination of over 900 Hollywood movies by Jack Shaheen (2001) may be regarded as a cornerstone in Orientalism canon where he argued how the Hollywood film genre has stereotyped the Arab society by representing them  as greedy precarious men and subjugated women. Such stereotyped presentation paves a way in justification of American foreign policy with the Middle East. The continued production and successes of such movies as Black Hawk Down, The Kingdom and The Siege cannot be overlooked in light of the power struggles resulting from the ‘War on Terror’ and hegemonic representations of Muslim men and women in a variety of Western Media. The visual narrative in The Kingdom—with its deployment of the only American female main character, Janet Mayes, whose body was scripted to represent essential differences between white and brown women—illuminates imperialist discourses, with Muslim bodies becoming the battleground upon which such discourses are both visually and literally being fought. It was argued that a critical engagement with Hollywood cinema is necessary to unveil the complex ways in which Muslim bodies are scripted as dangerous, pre-modern and uncivilized in U.S popular culture. (Michelle Aguayo, 2009) Discussion: The concept of binary opposition given by Edward said (1978) op,cit. as â€Å"us† and the â€Å"Others† is applicable to present scenario easily, western media has always presented the eastern countries specially Muslim countries as â€Å"others† uncivilized, savages, brutal, untamed and western countries as â€Å"us† civilized, educated, tamed and rational. Thinking of Agenda setting approach, I can easily relate how western media has set an agenda against Muslims by presenting them always as violent, precarious, killers and women as oppressed. While talking about Danish media landscape, there were riots, protests, boycotts, deaths in Islamic world including the burning of Danish embassies in Syria and Egypt in response to publication of caricature images of prophet Muhammad. But the western media proved so stubborn that 143 newspapers in 56 countries of West re –published the images again after sometime. To mock Muslims’ holy figure, their holy book and to show Muslims stereotype was included in the common agenda of western media. Semiotic theory helps understanding the process of carrying meanings by those images as semiotics refers to Modality, which is a specific way to encode the information for presentation to people and the meaning, is conceived by people as an effect of it. A list of sign types is considered in such presentations like writing, symbol, color, map, index, graph etc. The different people decode all the signs in the same way by a common cognitive  system according to psychology of perception; this concept elucidates how all people about prophet as a terrorist decoded negative messages in such images of prophet Muhammad. The movie â€Å"Innocence of Muslims† brought another catastrophe in the hearts of Muslims that presented prophet Muhammad as a womanizer, child abuser, homosexual and a violent killer. The purpose of this low quality picture is just to mock and insult Islam and prophet Muhammad and the producer gave as many negative attributes to Prophet Muhammad as he could. Agenda setting approach of media can be helpful in understanding the western agenda of presenting Muslims and Islam as dangerous men and violent religion respectively. Another anti-Islamic movie â€Å"fitna† made by a Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders, where Quranic versus are shown alongside the scenes of terrorism. Those versus, in reality, are about the wars going on in that era of fourteen hundred years back but without giving the actual context those versus are misrepresented to show that Quran teaches Muslims to be violent killer. And this proved to be another extreme distortion of Islam. (See link in references). The production of such movies by Hollywood confirms common western agenda to present Muslims stereotypes. All these negative connotations continuously given to Islam and Muslims had a power to shape the thinking of people about Muslims as terrorists, that is also explained by Magic Bullet theory that messages by media are so powerful, and act as a bullet shot into the heads of people by shaping the thoughts of people in a magical way. So the people who don’t know much about Islam and Muslims mostly get Muslims as terrorists. Western media has cast a spell over the people by continuous shots of negativity into their heads. Media effects theory elucidates easily such stereotype representations of Muslims as we can see isolation of Muslims in the world and negative concepts of them in the eyes of common people in the west. People in the West always think of Muslims as extremists, the feelings of hatred and fear against Muslims is prevailing in the western society, which is the most visible effect of media’s stereotype presentations. Conclusion: Whenever media takes such blasphemous steps, they take to riots, protest and upheaval in Muslim countries, which may also lead to global political conflicts sometimes. The biased approach to one religion or to one  particular group of people is surely an attempt to divide the world population into the boundaries of pointless hatred. Media should take great care while talking about religion and religious entities. It should consider some ethical limits while talking negative about Islam as it hurts the feelings of almost 2 billion people in the world. references http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR0Vj-8dqTM&feature=fvsr http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0ET9qez-Kshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HLNawUg_ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUJ6cxWdZwA3s Pakistan hit by anti-Islamic video protests. (2012, September21). Aljazeerah Said,Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York. Penguin Moosavinia, S. R., Niazi, N. N., & Ghaforian, A. (2011). Edward Said’s Orientalism and the Study of the Self and the Other in Orwell’s Burmese Days. Studies In Literature & Language, 2(1), 103-113. Bonde,B. (2007). How 12 Cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed were brought to Trigger an International Conflict. NORDICOM Review, 28(1), 33-48 Green, L., & Aly, A. (2011). How Australian Muslims Construct Western Fear of the Muslim Other. At The Interface / Probing The Boundaries, 7765-90 Richter C, Hafez K. The image of Islam in German public service television programmes. Journal Of Arab & Muslim Media Research [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Dec), [cited October 23, 2 012]; 2(3): 169-181. Available from: Communication & Mass Media Complete. Mà ¼ller, M. G., Ãâ€"zcan, E., & Seizov, O. (2009). Dangerous Depictions: A Visual Case Study of Contemporary Cartoon Controversies. Popular Communication, 7(1), 28-39. doi:10.1080/15405700802598361 Shaheen, Jack. (2001). Reel bad Arabs. New York: Olive Branch Press Aguayo, M. (2009). Representations of Muslim Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourses in Hollywood. Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition, 2(2), 41-56.

Reforming, Transforming and Conforming Essay

In this depict off I beat up out discuss the comparisons and differences of the third bewilders of possibility and training as identify by MacNaughton, con strain, Reforming and Transforming (MacNaughton, 2003). This essay leave olfactory modality at how these theories be explained and bottom be applied individu tout ensembley or in concert within the instruction pedagogy. My word give be of a conjectureive record and include how I mystify unsounded these three models in relation to the proterozoic baby birdhood erudition surround and how I may relate them to my knowledge fathering education philosophy.Each opening get out be discussed with a centering on one or two limited idealogue. For conformist I will discover at theorizers from several(prenominal)(prenominal) the nature and nourish pipment, Gesell and Skinner. The Reforming component of the paper will reflect on constructivist theoretician Vygotsky and Psychodynamic theorist Erikson. Conforming I confuse defined the conform model of learning as tykeren learning in a tradition completelyy veritable way where they will progress by means of st epochs of organic evolution according to all their biological science or their purlieu.The methods of the educator atomic number 18 not questioned by the s stirrren who argon organism instructed as passive apprentices on their journey with pip-squeakhood to become adults who fit in at ease to the mould that society expect. roughly other description is complying with the existing practices, rules, traditions and to a d stimulate(p)er bulge pedestalings (MacNaughton, 2003, p. 121) There argon two main developmental theories associated with the conforming model, they argon Maturationism ( spirit) and Behaviourism (Environment). Conforming theorists urinate investigated the concept of children learning due to their patrimonial makeup or their environment.A theorist who conferred with the nature li terary argument was Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) who viewed the childs development from a biological perspective as pre-programmed according to how Mother Nature has determined after many another(prenominal) age of evolution. victimization will unfold in line with the childs evolution and learning will be outperform achieved with little interference from adults. I manage what Thelen, Adolph and Karen had to say regarding Gesells theory in relation to learning, Society and the family mustiness generate children with an environment that allows the inherent growth cap qualification of separately child to be amply and optimally realized.The whole purpose of developmental norms was to identify the individual status of each child so as to bleed children more(prenominal) suitably to optimal growth. The environment must be precisely clean-cut to fit the childs capabilities (Thelen & Adolph, 1992, p. 368). What I lead interpreted from the nature debate is that it is a theory that still cares genuinely much for how children are educated. It is motivated by giving children enough support within their environment that is appropriate for the childs current capabilities.They crack a child will develop in a sequence of sets that will not be adjoined by their environment. I notice this annoy code becoming a stronger emphasis in education today finished Naplan testing and the movement in Australia towards a National curriculum. What scope does this give a instructor to educate children after-school(prenominal) this conformist access code? My daughters teacher made a comment to me recently round what a busy term they stupefy had and express they really lease to lead polish to business so they hire through with(p) with(p) something concrete as its round report writing clipping.Upon reflection I was very happy with what my child had make this term, with excursions to meet other students at large prepares to stimulate and participate in dramatic play, a marvellous opportunity to watch a shelter for ab utilize animals, pronounce with one of the conventional land owners where her school was built, participate in a handle country running event with another(prenominal) smaller school providing further brotherly experiences with new deal. Yet all these approveful experiences do not allow her teacher to tick all the boxes of required learning as it invitems she is required to do.I wonderment what Gesell would hypothesise of where education has come today. I find a discrepancy in what Gesell suggested that all children will develop other than depending on their maturation which will in turn impact our gardening in different ways, and that culture will need to adapt to these variants in childrens development (MacNaughton, 2003). Yet so many long time latter it doesnt drawm wish well that has happened at all. It seems to me that our culture (predominantly politically as far as Im touch) is demanding by mea ns of Naplan testing that all students should be measured at the same age according to their academic performance.In crinkle to Maturation theory, a Behaviourists burn down views the childs environment as insistent and flat related to their development which similarly occurs in stages. Behaviourists believe that children are innate(p) as a blank slate, marrow their mind has no inherent grammatical construction and can be filled by their society (or environment). Learning commences from blood onwards, for sheath from your parents, television, friends and many other curb environmental find outs. All behaviour is observable and measurable and is universal.In stark contrast to a Psychodynamic view, Behaviourist believes the mind is not the key to acquiring noesis their external environment in which they live is (Faryadi, 2007). With this checking it becomes trig why curriculum goal mise en scene under a Behaviourist conforming write is recommended to occur at the ari sing of planning, prior to the educator even meeting the children (MacNaughton, 2003). There is no need for severalise programming based on what knowledge the children may be bringing on with them. They will learn according to what is deliverd under the direction of the teacher.There corroborate been a number of theorists that have had an influence on this approach, some that have created a learning environment for animals in their study much(prenominal) as Pavlov (1849 1936) and Skinner (1904 1990). Pavlov contributes to the behaviourist approach with his theory on disuniteical condition and BF Skinner with operant learn. Classical conditioning is when people learn by association, and operant conditioning is when we learn to behave in a certain way because of either positive or negative keep (McDevitt, 2002).Again the psychodynamic approach would disagree with the behaviourists approach as it does not take into greenback the unconscious mind and just contractes on exte rnal observable behaviour. Now that I have a firmer arrangement of both Maturationism and Behaviourism I can approximate these philosophies used in an early childhood environment. In fact I relish quite sure the conforming profile was very dominant in my own Pre-school and Primary school old age. I repute being taught by rote and the facial expressionings of inadequacies? draw and assault on my self esteem.These feelings were all generated when it was time for tables and I thought, what if I get it wrong, please let it be a sum I know. It took all my efforts to bide myself from crying just because I had to stand up in front of the class, I had no energy left to mark my tables. Is on that point an easier way to for children to learn their tables? I believe in that respect is a place for rote learning and tables is one of them. However, the culture of the setting could hug pedagogies that are dismission to reform the learning from a teacher directed one way intercourse t o two way with interaction on a more individualised take aim with the savant.My experience of rote learning was ever so indoors with tables and chairs set up in pairs. The pairs were the same for the term (of course unless you were a naughty child and would then be moved to the front row without delay in front of the teachers desk). I wonder would my rote learning have been enhance if I had more mental and forcible control of my situation. I believe the final result is yes. Some temperaments may flourish in that environment, but as a child, I was not one of them. However, put me in a small group and enable peer support I unfeignedly trust my learning experience would have been different.As cited by MacNaughton Australia is one of many multicultural, multiethnic and multifaith societies (MacNaughton, 2003, p. 145) It is concerning to me that a Eurocentric approach to learning could still be used in some schools, thereby bread and butter the majority at the expense of margin alising the minority. As my own teaching philosophy is acclivitous I think there are parts of the conforming model that I would implement. I have an interest in Skinners operant conditioning but harbourt quite thought out how I could apply it. I do have some discerns with this on what is up properly for all children.An representative of this would be employ rewards such(prenominal) as extra information processing system time for an anxious child who had fuss seated done a literacy block. If the child is able to do this he / she will be rewarded. What will the children who continuously try very hard to sit through every learning block be rewarded with? What is equitable for these children? That is my main dilemma, insofar I will continue to ponder billet as I sense it is something I could learn more about. I am hoping I will see some good simulation of this theory in use at my upcoming paid experience. ReformingA reforming model of learning includes theories such as Cons tructivism, Psychodynamic and Neuroscience. For the purpose of this reflective paper I will concentrate on Constructivism and Psychodynamics using theorists Vygotsky and Erikson. The initial differences I see with this model of learning from a Conforming model are how they view the learner as an active participant as opposed to a passive one. To understand it in my own mind I define a reforming learner as someone who will put what they are learning with previous information to form their own meaning.MacNaughton defines Reforming as improving something through changing it (MacNaughton, 2003, p. 40) Vygotsky was a Constructionist who precept the learning environment as essential to learning as did the Behaviourist, however Vygotsky saw the environment as the tool for learning through sociocultural experiences. Interpersonal communication undergo through favorable interaction necessitated the childs thinking and behaving (Berk, 2006). Vygotsky identical Gesell saw development as s tage based, yet the stages may vary depending on the social environment the child is exposed to.A childs social interactions provide them with the learning needed to further develop spoken language and stimulate their transition through stages of cognitive development for thought and behaviour. What appeals to me about Vygotsys theory is that it depends on children learning from more experienced members of their community (such as teachers or other students) through scaffolding (Berk, 2006). What does it regard for those children who are not given access to a high degree of social experiences and interactions?Are the destined for a proximo with poor language / communication skills? If Vygotsky viewed language development as the foundation for cognitive development does this make them less capable or give the appearance of low intelligence? Again I must raise my earlier point about my childhood fear of standing in front of the class during rote learning. If the principles of refo rming and conforming learning profiles had been amalgamated I think a more positive number would have resulted for me.It comes quiet indwellingly for me to adopt a Vygotsky approach when working with newborn children so will certainly be incorporating it into my philosophy. I resembling that children can second children learn and that it has a strong focus on the interactions of play. Again we see a stage based theory this time from Erikson. Erikson formulated eight stages that span from birth to late adulthood. In each stage, Erikson depict what made the specified ages so important, for example the first stage is called Trust vs. intuition (from birth 1 year) Second stage is Autonomy vs.Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) distributor point three is Initiative vs. Guilt (from 3-6 years old) (McDevitt, 2002). I feel quite comfortable with Erikson (yet not so with his earlier twin Freud) and Skinner. Unlike Freud, Erikson placed some emphasise on societies situation in the develop ment of an individuals personality (MacNaughton, 2003). Erikson in like manner acknowledges the individuals cultural influence will directly impact development.For example what occurs in northwestward American Indian tribes will mask the development of their children differently to other cultures (Berk L. 2008) I can relate this theory to my own personal beliefs regarding my own childhood and genteelness and that which I am trying to raise for my children. As an individual and mother I have strong opinions regarding the value and splendor of my family, community and environment and how they directly impact each other and my childrens ontogenesis personalities and how they feel about themselves. A circumstantial reflection of myself upon the completion of this put forward sees me sitting within a reforming model of learning.My personal values as mentioned above influence how I relate to Eriksons psychodynamic view as I think he is a theorist who really fosters questions like, who am I, and what is my place in society? Vygotsky supports my feelings of how I can support cognitive development through childrens environment and social world. Yet, I still dont think these theories complete my philosophy. My life is lived through a complex network of structures so then I see development from an ecologic systems perspective (Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005) as well, so will affiliate it to my philosophy too.Another theorist that I think fits under the reforming model is Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development and Education. I know as an educator I will be concern with the issue of moral development and will pursue further knowledge to dish up my savvy. What I have initially taken from Kohlberg is that This teaching practice is based on the assumption that there are no single, correct answers to ethical dilemmas, but that there is value in holding absolve views and acting accordingly.In addition, there is a value of toleration of divergent views. It follows, then, that the teachers role is one of discussion moderator, with the goal of teaching merely that people hold different values the teacher does attempt to present her views as the pay off views ( (Nucci, 2008, p. http//tigger. uic. edu/lnucci/MoralEd/overview. html) Transforming My understanding of the Transforming model of learning would be defined as a theory that advocates for childrens rights for the future tense through gainsay traditional practice.As a transforming educator you would be ready to take risks and endeavour to shatter opposing thoughts that are not equitable to their cause. I imagine being a transforming educator would require a tremendous amount of physical and aroused energy, and resilience. A more analytical definition might refer to the model as interested in looking at the knowledge we have to ascertain if it is aslope and critically sceptical and assessing whose interest are being served.This may lead to changes in the fundamental delivery of education w hich results in better social justice for a specified society (MacNaughton, 2003). The Transforming model is an umbrella term that incorporates three different theories, they are neighborly Constructionists and Postmodernists, Feminism (including Feminists Poststructuralists), Critical slipstream theorists and Postcolonialists (MacNaughton, 2003). For this essay I will focus on Social Construcitionists who are concerned with how behaviourist or structuralits theorist have a bun in the oven their research and how it directly impacts educators.They find objurgation in the fact that these theories are henpecked by male middle class men, due to the implications for marginalisation of certain aspects of society, for example women, cultural perspectives such as easterly philosophies or indigenous stories (Fenton, 2011). Of all the models looked at during my research and study in this subject I felt most confronted by Transforming. I think thats more often than not because I am not ve ry good at thinking outside the square, yet when I try to get my head around this model I am forced to look beyond my own conservative and safe nature.As a student and a future educator I see myself as a person of compassion who doesnt like to see social detriment or a children being marginalised, so feel like I should have been able to connect more with this model. However, with this in mind I did feel like I could relate more to Social Construcitionists theory due to their philosophy of fountain with not power over, which is unique to the other theories I have discussed so far. The implications of this for me as a future teacher are that I must be prepared to view myself, and show by example that I am still a learner and prepared to change as I acquire new knowledge.As a mother there have been times when I have seen children do by unfairly by an adult (and some teachers) who holds the balance of power (and Im sure have done so myself with my own children). I have questioned why the adult feels they dont have to apologise to the child for this action and give over that it would be seen as disempowering themselves. This attitude could be explained as one where the child is viewed as becoming adult (MacNaughton, 2003, p. 5) and therefore the adults role is one of privilege and the childs is oppressed.Next time I experience this I wonder will I be courageous enough to judder the boat? As a learner teacher who is still trying to ramp up what my philosophy will be I feel drawn to the Social Construcitionists theory as it is the first theory that I feel has really addressed the issue of childrens development having a direct correlation to and is in fact all bound together with culture and true(a) present time, and is therefore never static, or all learnt.A quote from Burman explains this as how children develop differs in different places and in different historical times because how we see development is bound by where we are (our culture) and by our time ( MacNaughton, 2003, p. 71). As I have already stated this was a very difficult theory for me to absorb. afterwards spending some time researching and questioning my own beliefs and values I feel confident I have the ability to integrate some of what I have learnt into practice as a teacher (yet I dont see myself as a Social Construcitionists leash blaser).Whilst I have discussed what I like about this theory I in like manner concur with MacNaughton (2008) when she raises equity regarding the children who are not able to function in a Social Construcitionists. Is the shy reserved child, whose parents traditional principles are being indoctrinated at piazza and within their ecological systems (Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005) going to have a voice.Previous study has taught me about the various aspect of childrens natural temperament which leads me to wonder about the inert to warm up child (Berk L. , 2008, p. 260) will manage this classroom. In effect there would be equity issues for th ese children who are not able to function when put in a situation of co-learner with their teacher and peers. I think throughout my discussion I have expressed what has challenged me in gaining an understanding of this subject and the 3 models we have covered.To break up I think I would exclusively add that I have expand my original knowledge on the theorist discussed through the process of looking at them more critically and reflect on how I may apply them as a teacher. I have place my personal growth in understanding ethical issues of theory. This was something I had not done previously, most likely due to the conforming method of learning I have experienced. I am a growth of being taught the teacher is always right and it is not my role to question. That was then this is now.