Who Was Responsible For The First World War Essay Example

Who Was Responsible For The First World War Essay Who caused the deaths of over 20,000,000 people? Was it a single, callous, malicious person? Was it a group of these people or a country that caused the Great War? Or could it have been a system or policy at that time? Who caused the events that inspired the Jewish poet Isaac Rosenburg to write the poem Dead Mans Dump in 1917?The wheels lurched over sprawled deadBut pained them not, though their bones crunched;Their shut mouths made no moan.They lie there huddled, friend and foeman,Man born of man, and born of woman;And shells go crying over themFrom night till night and now.Private Isaac Rosenburg, 22311, was killed on April 1st, 1918, at dawn while on night patrol. Just another of the 20,000,000 then.France had completely resented Germany for years. The Franco-Prussian War began in July 1870 as a result of a dispute between France and Prussia, the main German State. All the other German states joined Prussia, and the conflict became one between France and Germany. The war ended wit h the Treaty of Frankfurt, which was signed on May 10, 1871. The treaty provided that France would give most of Alsace and part of Lorraine (parts of West France) to Germany, pay Germany 5 billion francs, and support a German army of occupation until the huge sum was paid. The money was paid off surprisingly quickly due to the French pulling together and taking out loans. However, there were two effects of this war, which contributed to World War One.The first was the new German Empire. Before the Franco-Prussian War, Germany had been made up of small independent states over 40 of them. Prussias defeat of Austria in the Seven-Week War of 1866 had established it as the main German State. After the Franco-Prussian War, Germanys states joined up together and the government realised how strong the new empire could potentially be.The second effect concerned Frances feelings towards Germany. They were extremely angry about their defeat and the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Their hatred fo r Germany had increased even more, setting the stage for another war between them.An underlying cause of the First World War was nationalism. Nationalism is the political ideology that all people of the same ethnic origin, language, and political ideals had the right to independent states. At the close of the century, however, the problem of nationalism was still unresolved in other areas of Europe, resulting in tensions both within the regions involved and between various European nations. One particularly prominent nationalistic movement, Panslavism (the belief that all Eastern Orthodox Slavs should live in their own country), figured heavily in the events preceding the war.The spirit of nationalism also showed in economic rivalry. The Industrial Revolution, which took place in Britain at the end of the 18th century, followed in France in the early 19th century, and then in Germany after 1870, caused an great increase in each countrys produce and a need for foreign countries to se ll their goods in. The desired place for the European countries to have colonies was Africa, and on that continent colonial rivalry was usual. Several times between 1898 and 1914 the economic rivalry in Africa between France and Britain, and between Germany on one side and France and Britain on the other, almost precipitated a European war. An important example of this would be the Agadir Crisis.On July 1st, 1911, Germanys warship The Panther landed at Moroccos main port, Agadir. This angered the French owners of the country, who had taken it to Germanys objection in 1905, as they thought Germany would try and take Agadir. The British were also very worried by this move as they had a naval base in Gibraltar, Southern Spain, only a few miles north of Morocco. Germany could easily challenge them if they had Agadir as their port, and Britain prepared for a war. The war never came Germany gave way and let France have their port. But the damage was done. Britain and Frances relations wi th Germany were even more strained and could have snapped at any time.As a result of such tensions, between 1871 and 1914 the nations of Europe adopted domestic measures and foreign policies that in turn steadily increased the danger of war. Convinced that they were threatened, they maintained large standing armies, and increased the size of their navies. The naval race was intensely competitive. Britain, influenced by the growing German navy, begun in 1900 and by the events of the Russo-Japanese War, developed its fleet under the direction of Admiral Sir John Fisher. The war between Russia and Japan had proved that long-range naval guns were effective and the British developed the revolutionary and widely copied Dreadnought battleship, with a lot of armaments. Developments in other areas of military technology and organisation led to the dominance of general staffs with precisely laid plans for mobilisation and attack, often in situations that an army couldnt get out of once they h ad got into it. This became apparent during the war, when soldiers would stay in virtually the same place for long periods of time in the trench-filled battlefields.The countries of Europe started to make moves that eventually would make the scale of the war much larger. Germanys government decided it was in their best interests to make alliances with countries for extra protection if a war began. In 1879, Austria signed a treaty with Germany and a strong alliance was born. Germanys next move was to ally with Italy in 1882, and then with Russia in 1887. Unfortunately, Russia and Austria were enemies because of conflicts in the Balkans, so Germany did not renew the alliance with Russia in 1890. France felt threatened by The Central Powers (the name for the alliances between Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy), so in 1892, a treaty was signed with Russia for protection and support. In 1904, Britain, feeling worried about Germanys growing naval force, allied with France and in 1907 with Russia. Now Europe had been divided into two armed camps the Central Powers and the Triple Entente (the name for France, Britain and Russias alliance).Southeast Europe is known as The Balkans. For centuries, the powerful Turks had ruled it, but when their empire began to fall apart in the 19th century, the Austro-Hungarian Empire swooped in and took much of the Balkans for itself. Only Bosnia, Albania and Montenegro were still ruled by the Turks and four countries gained independence Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria and Serbia. Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908.The Russians started to get very friendly with the people in the Balkans, persuading them to rebel against Turkish rule with a theory called Panslavism. Many Russians were Eastern Orthodox Christian Slavs, and the people in the Balkans were too. The Russians told them that they would help them if they tried to gain independence from Turkish rule, but they were actually manipulating these people for their own gain. Ru ssia wanted the Dardanelles, a narrow strip of sea which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, because all of their Northern ports were frozen in winter, and the Dardanelles provided a route into the ocean. Turkey still controlled the Dardanelles at this time, but if the Slavic people of the Balkans rebelled, Turkey would weaken and Russia would have a chance to gain control of the Dardanelles.This angered Austria, as they hated Serbia, now on friendly terms with Russia. The inhabitants of Bosnia were mainly Serbian, and wanted to live freely like the Serbs in Serbia. The Austro-Hungary Empire was in danger of disintegrating if people rebelled for freedom, so their relations with Russia became much worse than they had been previously. The Central Powers were not very fond of the Triple Entente, and vice versa another push towards full-scale warfare.The Balkan Wars began in 1912, ending a year later. Turkey had lost most of its countries by now, but was clinging on to Macedo nia. The Balkan League, which was made up of the free Balkan countries, including Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia, wanted Macedonia to be free. A war was fought between Turkey and the League, ending in all the Turks being driven out from the area. In 1913, another war was fought, this time between the League members Serbia and Greece versus Bulgaria. This was because Serbia wanted more of Macedonia for itself, annoying Bulgaria who attacked Serbia. The war was over within 2 months, but had some important results.It resulted in an increased desire on the part of Serbia to obtain the parts of Austria-Hungary inhabited by Slavic peoples, strengthened Austro-Hungarian suspicion of Serbia, and left Bulgaria and the Turkish Empire, both defeated in the wars, with a desire for revenge. Germany, disappointed because Turkey had been deprived of its European territory by the Balkan Wars, increased the size of its army.Every war has a trigger. The trigger for the war to end all wars occurred in 1914, on a sunny June day in Belgrade, capital of Bosnia. The Emperor Francis Joseph of Austrias nephew, Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian empire) and his wife Sophie were visiting for a military inspection. Members of the Black Hand Gang, a Serbian nationalist group, decided to kill him. Borijove Jevtic, one of the conspirators, gave this eyewitness account:When Francis Ferdinand and his retinue drove from the station they were allowed to pass the first two conspirators. The motor cars were driving too fast to make an attempt feasible and in the crowd were many Serbians; throwing a grenade would have killed many innocent people.When the car passed Gabrinovic, the compositor, he threw his grenade. It hit the side of the car, but Francis Ferdinand with presence of mind threw himself back and was uninjured. Several officers riding in his attendance were injured.The cars sped to the Town Hall and the rest of the conspirators did not interfere with them. After the recepti on in the Town Hall General Potiorek, the Austrian Commander, pleaded with Francis Ferdinand to leave the city, as it was seething with rebellion. The Archduke was persuaded to drive the shortest way out of the city and to go quickly.The road to the manoeuvres was shaped like the letter V, making a sharp turn at the bridge over the River Nilgacka. Francis Ferdinands car could go fast enough until it reached this spot but here it was forced to slow down for the turn. Here Princip had taken his stand.As the car came abreast he stepped forward from the curb, drew his automatic pistol from his coat and fired two shots. The first struck the wife of the Archduke, the Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. She was an expectant mother. She died instantly.The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart.He uttered only one word, Sofia a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly.The officers seized Princip. They beat him over the head w ith the flat of their swords. They knocked him down, they kicked him, scraped the skin from his neck with the edges of their swords, tortured him, all but killed him.This was the end of peace in Europe. Kaiser Wilhelm II, the rather insane ruler of Germany, was horrified at the assassination and sent a telegram to Emperor Josef offering support and advising him to declare war on Serbia. The Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II (cousin to the Kaiser and King George V of Britain) sent a telegram begging him to hold back:St. Petersburg, July 29, 1914, 1:00 A.M. Tsar Nicholas II to Kaiser Wilhelm II: I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. NickyUnfortunately, Tsar Nicholas realised that The Central Powers were not going to hold back, so he mobilised his army that afternoon. This gave the Kaiser an excuse to do the same thing.Two days later, Germany declared war on his cousins country because Ru ssia was backing Serbia. Another two days later, Germany declared war on its old adversary, France. They intended to invade using the Schlieffen Plan they would attack France going through Belgium, and deal with Russia after an easy surprise victory over France.However, this was not going to work. Belgium was a neutral country, but Britain wanted to help them when the strong German forces invaded them. Britains entry into the war was on August 4th, 1914. The First World War was already in motion.In conclusion, I have found that no one person was to blame for one of the worst wars in human history. Many countries contributed to the tension and hatred surrounding the pre-war years, but more to blame, in my opinion, were certain systems. Imperialism, nationalism and the alliance system all greatly contributed to this tension and Gavrillo Princips act simply pushed everyone over the edge. Even if he had been stopped, war would have probably still broken out war was imminent before the assassination, not directly after it. Unfortunately, mankind did not learn from the First World War, but hopefully if we look back, war can be avoided in the future for good. And as the poet Wilfred Owen wrote in Dulce et Decorum Est:My friend; you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old Lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori*Sarah Watson*The last two lines of this poem mean It is a good and fitting thing to die for your country.

Using Email Persuasively with Prospects and Clients

Using Email Persuasively with Prospects and Clients Free Online Research Papers Using Email Persuasively with Prospects and Clients This Sales Tip is a little different than normal. There is no magic here – just good sense and advice related to using email persuasively. These tips are designed to make sure you always make a good impression and enhance your Professional image. Just because email is the vehicle for your communication, it does not mean that grammar, format, punctuation and spelling should fly out the window. 1)Use a spell check program. 2)Read every email message at least twice before you send it. 3)Never use all capital or all lower case letters. Find other ways to impart a relaxed tone or to add emphasis to your writing. Varying from the rules of standard written English will detract from the professionalism of your message. 4)Include a clear, concise and inviting headline on the subject line. This will build interest and increase readership. 5)Archive messages you need for your records and delete the rest. Good file maintenance eliminates confusion and reduces the chances of mistakenly forwarding a message to the wrong person. 6)Include your standard signature and contact information on every email whether you’re sending or responding. Your email management software will allow you to set up a standard that appears every time. It should always include Schooley Mitchell Telecom Consultants in order to build our brand name. 7)Check your own email daily. In today’s business environment, this is just as important as checking phone messages. 8)Review both the topic and content to make sure that it is appropriate for all recipients. 9)When writing for distribution to a large group, protect the privacy of the recipients by using Blind Carbon Copy (bcc) instead of Carbon Copy (cc). Therefore the addresses of the recipients do not appear and thus they cannot be forwarded to others. 10)Avoid sending hasty responses to inquiries you receive by email. If you don’t have time to respond in full to a question or problem, say so in a brief response and then follow up appropriately later. 11)Think twice. Never send an email in anger. Research Papers on Using Email Persuasively with Prospects and ClientsThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

War in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

War in Vietnam - Essay Example The American government perceived the French defeat as a defeat of its economic ideology (Oberdorfer 2001, p. 45). The North Vietnamese rebels adhered to communism. Their win in this conflict showed that this region would assume communism. This occurred at the height of the cold war in which the Soviet Union and America were seeking to propagate their economic models. America’s refusal to admit the defeat of France in this conflict aggravated the conflict. The strategy relating to the conflict changed significantly with changes in regimes. The write-up will examine the factors, which resulted in the involvement of America in this conflict. This conflict generated massive controversy in the America owing to fatalities. This conflict lasted over two decades. This reveals that America was not ready to lose since it would signify weakness in its ability to dominate the globe politically. American was embroiled in this conflict due to several reasons. The reason varied from economi c to political reasons. However, they all culminated in the aggravation of the conflict (Kissinger 2003, p. 32). Reasons from America’s involvement in the conflict At the time of the conflict, the Soviet Union and America were locked in a cold war. The cold war entailed each nation sabotaging its enemy indirectly. The cold war erupted as the two dominant nations in the globe embarked on a campaign to increase adoption of their economic models. The American government was popularising capitalism while the Soviet Union sought to popularize communism. The economic model, which would prevail, would make its source nation an economic powerhouse. The Northern Vietnamese were supported by a communism nation (Lawrence 2008, p. 124). Therefore, American viewed this as the spread of communism. The defeat of French forces in this nation meant that Vietnam would become a communist nation. Additionally, it meant that the capitalist world represented by France had failed. America viewed it as its responsibility to ensure that the rebels do not prevail. The need to ensure that Vietnam does not become a communist nation resulted in this conflict since the French had already negotiated a pact that would ensure peace in the nation. However, the Americans felt that conceding defeat meant that capitalism had lost. Subsequently, communism would become the dominant economic model. The Soviet Union had prevailed in this region of the Asia, which was dominantly communism. Vietnam was in a strategic position in relation to the communist world. Therefore, the loss of this nation to communism policies would weaken America’s quest to spread its economic model to this part of the globe. This conflict ensured that America was able to contain the spread of communism to this part of the Vietnam (Brigham 2012). During this time, the Soviet Union and America were the world dominant nations. Each nation sought to surpass the other by becoming the dominant nation both politically a nd economically. These nations could not fight directly. Therefore, they opted for sabotaging tactics. These tactics entailed America supporting Soviet Union’s foes. Similarly, the Soviet Union would support America’s foes. This resulted in an ongoing conflict where the two nations did not take direct military action against each other. The Vietnamese conflict provided the perfect situation for the two nations to implement their tactics (Burgan 2006, p. 238). The Northern Vie

Developmental Psychology Unit 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developmental Psychology Unit 6 - Essay Example ocial temperament can make an individual abusive without his even being aware of it, because he is not in touch with what is considered socially acceptable behaviour. There are also factors that influence partners of abusers to remain in the abusive relationship. They may have psychological issues, such as an extreme need for love and affection and low self-esteem. An important factor is cultural orientation. South American, Asian and Arab nationals would tend to be more positively regarded if they remained with their abusive husbands, admired as being more patient and forbearing. On the other hand, European nationals would leave immediately. The most important step society should take is to increase awareness of the problem through education and information dissemination. For those already in abusive relationships, shelters and support services should be provided, because there may be psychological or physical barriers to her leaving her partner. Free legal help must also be provided such women. Generally, the subject had a happy childhood with family, friends and peers. There were some times, however, when he felt depressed because he perceived his parents favored his younger siblings over him. He was an only child until about four years old, and though he welcomed the arrival of a brother and sister, when he was about 8 years old he felt that his parents made him do more of the house chores than his siblings. Of course, his brother and sister was only about four or five then, but that did not occur to him at the time, and he disliked having to be made to baby sit them because he could not go out to play. But he felt he should not disappoint his parents, so he just felt oppressed. However, when his parents did give him attention and conversed with him about the world of work and how responsibility and rights go together, the oppressive feeling would go away and eventually, he was able to adjust to the greater responsibilities of a big brother. Of the

Quality management and competition in the parcel delivery industry Essay

Quality management and competition in the parcel delivery industry - Essay Example Conveyor belts and packet sorting machines were pressed into service in big cities by parcel management companies by the time of World War II. Now parcel delivery management too grown from a one based on simple modal operations to a series of complex computer aided and monitored systems. Parcel Management has undergone a lot of experimentation and evolution in more than century of its existence. There was a time when parcel delivery management was based on two simple linear functions of fast delivery at as low a price as possible. Jim Casey, the founder of UPS used the slogan: "Best Service and Lowest Rates." (www.ups.com) .Now the parcel delivery companies offer a choice of multiple speeds of delivery that vary in direct proportion to the cost of delivery. The higher the speed of delivery, higher is the transportation cost. Parcel companies advertise in advance about the exact timings at which time bound parcels can be picked up so that they go into the sorting and delivery mechanis m of the company at the earliest possible. A parcel company has multiple parcel management, collection and distribution hubs that are equipped with high speed conveyors and mechanised sorting machines. In areas, where volumes of parcel are low, manual sorting and distribution is practised. The delivery and collection channels emanating from a hub are called the spokes. A large parcel delivery company has multiple hubs and spokes. To integrate land and air operations parcel management companies have established ‘air hubs’ that serve as the air ‘spokes’ of the companies. This integration of air and land in a parcel delivery operation is also called a multi-mode activity. The hub and spoke system serves to cut down on needless road and air journeys and optimisation of operations thus saving a lot of overheads for companies. Due to pressing costs

Effects of Microwave Doses on Seed Exposure

Effects of Microwave Doses on Seed Exposure Abstract A massive increase in electromagnetic pollution since the introduction of telecommunication instruments especially microwave from which the mobile communication. Current research study aim to assess the physiological effects of seed exposure to different doses of microwave. Microwave-induced electrolyte leakage, germination, chlorophyll and growth were monitored and evaluated following seed exposure to microwave from a magnetron of 2.45 GHz, maximum output power of 800 W and wavelength of 12 cm operated at 220 VAC. seeds of Hordeum vulgare were exposed to eight different exposure periods of microwave from 0 to 600 seconds, experiments were performed in vitro. Percentage of germinated seeds, relative germination coefficient, germination rate, germination index, fresh and dry weights, shoot: root ratio were assessed. Germination parameters were dose-dependents, the percentage of germinated seeds were increased after short exposure periods to microwave recording 100 % germination. Furth er the germination rate, relative germination coefficient were also increased after short exposure periods to microwave. Longer exposure periods reduced the percentage of germination, germination rates and various germination indices. Morphological and growth traits showed a similar trend and were significantly decreased after longer exposure periods to microwave. Chlorophyll contents were significantly decreased with increasing exposure periods of microwave. Microwave-induced electrolyte leakage (%) was significantly increased (r=0.92*, p Key words: Microwave, electromagnetic, barley, membrane ion leakage, cell death, germination, chlorophyll, SPAD, growth, Hordeum vulgare L. Introduction The Development of life was influenced by two ubiquitous forces; the gravity and electromagnetism, the two forces expected to have essential role in the functional activities of biological systems and organisms (Balmori, 2009). Previously, microwave radiofrequencies included a few radio and televisions transmitter located in remote area or high places. A massive increase in electromagnetic pollution since the introduction of telecommunication instruments in the 1990s (Galeev, 2000; Firstenberg, 2001; Ragha et al., 2011) (Ragha et al., 2011). These electromagnetic fields can have a deleterious and damaging effects depending on the exposure doses, power level, frequencies, pulsed or continuous wave and the dielectric properties of exposed tissue, the interaction of such electromagnetic fields on various life processes has been focused on different microwave frequency range forms an important part (Banik et al., 2003). Microwave are a part of electromagnetic radiations spectrum comprisi ng frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, further, it act through absorption on molecular level manifesting as vibrational energy or heat and a biological effects (Chipley, 1980; Dardanonl et al., 1985, 1994; Pakhomov et al., 1998)(Chipley, 1980; Dardanoni et al., 1985; 1994; Pakhomov et al., 2001) including various genetic changes. Relevant research suggests that microwaves may have long-term health effects (Lin, 2004). Identification, evaluation and assessment of the bio-effects of microwaves have been complex and controversial, because of the absence of a clear mechanism of the impact and interaction of microwave radiofrequencies and biological systems, there has been a persistent view in biophysical and engineering sciences, that microwave fields are incapable of inducing bio-effects other than by heating (Banik et al., 2003). In recent times, non-thermal bio-effects of microwaves on tissue responses were being acknowledged (Dardalhon et al., 1979a,b; Adey, 1981; Banik et al., 2003). Various research data have offered convincing evidence of non-thermal microwave effects and have also indicated various consistencies in these effects: dependency of frequency within specific frequency windows of resonance-type; dependency on modulation and polarization; dependency on intensity within specific intensity windows, including super-low power density comparable with intensities from base stations/masts (Adey, 1981; Belyaev, 2005; Hyland, 2000; Lai, 2005, (De Salles, 1999; Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002)). Some studies have demonstrated different microwave effects depending on wavelength in the range of mm, cm or m (Kemerov et al., 1999; Nikolaevich et al., 2001). Duration of irradiation may be as important as power density (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015), the effect of electromagnetic radiations could be depending on the radiation exposure dose representing a long-term cumulative influence (Adey, 1997; Galeev, 2000; Lai, 2005; Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). Modulated and pulsed radiofrequencies seem to be more effective in producing effects (Belyaev, 2005; Lai, 2005). Low frequency modulations employ greater biological activity (Balmori, 2009). Microwave irradiation could affect plant growth, development and seed germination (Hamada, 2007; Aladjadjiyan, 2010; Salama et al., 2011; (Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002; Monteiro et al., 2008; Ragha et al., 2011; RadzeviÄ ius et al., 2013; (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). Low intensity microwave were reported not to affect the plant growth and development but the increased irradiation doses of microwave has decreased and slowed seed germination (Oprica, 2008). The direct effects of microwave on germination of cereals were studied by Ponomarev et al. (1996) where, a wavelength ÃŽÂ »= 1 cm and irradiation exposure dose of up to 40 minutes were applied to barley, oats, and wheat seeds leading to improved germination rate with optimum effect after 20 minutes of microwave exposure (Ponomarev et al., 1996). A study of irradiating vegetable seeds with high power microwave radiations reported a stimulation influence of various germination and growth rate parameters by microwave (RadzeviÄà ‚ ius et al., 2013). The effect of microwave irradiation with a different power on various seed germination consequences of four different ornamental crop species has been studied by Aladjadjiyan (2002). The electroconductivity of leaf extract were monitored and increase in various germination consequences were observed (Aladjadjiyan, 2002). A comparative effect of microwave radiations on germination and growth of six different Egyptian genotypes were assessed using different exposure times, his data supported a dose dependent possible stimulation effect of microwave on growth and germination (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). The response of barley seedlings to microwave radiations of 2.45 GHz after exposure to 0, 10, and 20 seconds of microwave radiations on four different genotypes (CreȆºescu et al., 2013). Changes in peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities in Brassica napus were found to be dependent on microwave exposure time, seed condition and plant age (Oprica, 2008). The freq uencies of the cell plasma membrane vibrations of bio-objects lie in the mm-wave range, that range is thought to be essential to any living organism. Microwave irradiations induce resonant phenomena within biological system and have a stimulatory effect on biological organisms (Aladjadjiyan, 2002; Yanenko et al., 2004). Most microwave irradiation studies focused on possible biological effects from phone masts and microwave radiofrequencies on animal and human health (Santini et al., 2003; Hutter et al., 2006; Balmori, 2009). The biochemical mechanism by which microwave radiations affect biological systems of living organisms is not fully comprehended and the mechanism could vary according to the amplitude, frequency and the irradiation duty cycle (Monteiro et al., 2008; Aladjadjiyan, 2010). The present study was conducted to study the effect of seed irradiation with different doses of microwave radiations on the membrane electrolyte leakage, germination and growth of Egyptian barley Hordeum vulgare L seedlings. Materials and methods Plant materials Seeds of selected Barely Hordeum vulgare L. genotype Giza-129 were acquired from Agricultural Research Station at Ismailia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the months of November-December, 2016. The cereal lot of seeds was cleaned removing unwanted matter and damaged seeds. Radiofrequency irradiation treatment Microwave radiofrequency irradiation were carried out using a magnetron with frequency of 2.45 GHz, wavelength of 12 cm, a maximum output power of 800 W, maximum intensity were estimated to be 51.5 kW.m3 by dividing the output power to the working volume m-3. Experimental details were presented in diagram (1). Seeds were first soaked in distilled water for 1 hour recommended by Aladjadjian and Svetleva (1997) to enhance the absorption of microwave energy. Seeds of selected barley genotype Hordeum vulgare cv. Giza-129 were divided into eight groups, each variant containing 30 seeds of (three replicas of ten seeds). The first group represent the untreated control and remaining seven variants were irradiated with different exposure periods to microwave (1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 300 and 600 seconds). Various germination traits were estimated and monitored during the experiment at different time-points; 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 days after sowing (DAS). Based on the obtained results, the percentage of germinated seeds Nk, germination rate Sk (seed.h-1), maximum number of germinated seeds, relative germination coefficient (Wk) were calculated with the using germination formulas by Ciupak et al. (2007) presented in Table (1). Biomass and biomass allocation Shoot and root biomass were determined for Triticum aestivum plants irradiated with 2.45 GHz radiofrequency and the untreated control. Biomass allocation within plants was calculated in g per g (S/R ratio, g.g-1) of total seedling biomass to avoid size effects, and calculated as a mean of three replicas. Data of Biomass allocation and shoot-to-root ratios were assessed statistically in plants irradiated with microwave radiofrequency versus the control ones to evaluate the change in biomass allocation pattern. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons were employed to analyse the results of barley after seed irradiation with microwave radiations. Further, correlation and simple linear regression analyses were also performed using SPSS statistical software ver. 22 and Microsoft Excel package 2016 at a confidence level of 95%. Results Seed germination The influence of microwave radiations on various germination dynamics were assessed intensively on the first twelve days after seeds sowings (DAS) in Hordeum vulgare L. plant. Barley seeds were subjected to different exposure doses of microwave radiation from magnetron with 2450 MHz and 800 Watts. Germination indices monitored and assessed are; number of germinated seeds (nk), percentage of germinated seeds (%), germination rate (Sk; seed.h-1), germination index (GI), and the relative germination coefficient (Wk) at different time points 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 DAS (days after seeds sowing). The percentages of germinated seeds were presented in Figure (1A-E) for different time points. A significant change in the percentage of germinated seeds were observed after seed irradiation with microwave assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons. Significant variations were observed versus the untreated control plant group. Letters on figures 1 ( A) to (E) represent the results of Duncans multiple range comparisons, where, different letter mean significant difference (Figure 1). The maximum germination percentage observed were 100% recorded at MW dose of 5 seconds-5 DAS, 1, 5 seconds dose 7,9, 12 DAS. MW radiations observed to have a positive effect on germination at low doses of 1, and 5 seconds (Figure 1) these were assessed statistically by ANOVA and Duncans multiple comparisons. The general trend of MW radiations on seeds germination percentage was strong negative and significant relationship (Figure 3A-E) revealed by both regression and Spearmans correlation i.e. increasing levels of MW radiations caused decrease in germination parameters especially high doses of MW. Other germination indices e.g. germination rate (Sk; seed.h-1) were also recorded at different MW doses and time points (3, 5, 7, 9, 12). Germination rate in the untreated control 0.19 seed.h-1 5 and 7 days after seed sowing while in seeds treated with 1 and 5 seconds of MW the germination rate increased from 0.19 to 0.21 seed.h-1 revealing that not only the germination percentage increased but also the germination rate and speed (Figure 2A-D). Further, early germination was recorded after 1 and 5. Figures 3 (F-I) represent linear regression trend-line for the effect of MW radiation on germination rate, which had a strong inverse significant effect. Relative germination coefficient (Wk) were calculated and normalized to the control germination. Data of relative germination coefficient were presented in Figures (2E-H) at different time points (3, 5, 7,9); respectively. The relative germination coefficient increased after MW irradiation of 1 and 5 seconds (Figure 2E-H), while, Wk was decreased after irradiation with higher doses of MW radiations. Analysis of variance was carried out to assess the different between treatments control and were followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons. Linear regression trend-lines presented in figures (3K-N) represent the linear relationship between MW radiation doses and relative germination coefficient (Wk) after 3, 5, 7, 9 days after seed sowing. Inverse strong significant relationship between increasing doses of MW radiations and Wk. The germination index (GI) followed the same trend with increasing levels of microwave radiations (Figures 1, 3O). Photosynthetic pigments and Growth: Shoot and root biomasses were estimated in Hordeum vulgare L. plants after irradiation to MW radiations. Shoot biomass ranged from 0.03 to 0.42 g/plant-FW where the maximum shoot fresh weight recorded after MW irradiation of 1 second dose and minimum in 600 seconds. MW radiations severely decreased the shoot biomass in barley (Figure, 4A). Root biomass, on the other hand, ranged from 0.03 to 36 g/plant-FW. The highest root fresh weight was recorded at 300 s MW irradiation dose. While minimum root fresh weight were recorded after 600 seconds MW dose (Figure 4B). Whole plant fresh weight ranged from 0.06 to 0.67 g/plant-FW. Shoot, root, and whole plant biomass showed a negative trend with increasing levels of MW radiations revealed by simple linear regression analysis and Spearmans correlation (Figure 7A,B,C). Microwave irradiation induced a significant decrease in shoot, root, and plant biomass in barley plants (Figure 7A,B,C). The behaviour or nutrient allocation was assessed in terms of shoot and root biomass as shoot: root ration (g.g-1) after seed irradiation with MW. Biomass behaviour was allocated toward barely shoot system after irradiation with 1 seconds of MW radiations. While, higher doses of MW induced nutrients to be allocated toward root system (figure 5B, 3O). Leaf chlorophyll contents increased significantly after 1 and 5 seconds of MW irradiations compared to the control (Figure 5A), however, MW doses from 300 and 600 seconds decreased significantly from the untreated control. Plant height was monitored after various MW irradiations doses and showed a significant decrease in response to MW (Figure 5) revealed by Duncans multiple range comparisons versus untreated control plants. Root volumes did not changes significantly with MW radiations except for the 600 seconds dose which showed a significant decrease versus control (Figure 5D) Membrane Ion leakage (%) Electrolyte leakage is a stress-induced injury that commonly used as a measure of plant response and tolerance to stress (Bajji et al., 2002; Lee and Zhu, 2010). MW irradiation with dose 1 and 60 seconds did not induce a change in electrolyte leakage; however, MW doses 5, 10, 30, 300 and 600 seconds significantly increased the electrolyte leakage compared to the untreated control (Figure 6). A strong negative significant relationship between increasing doses of MW radiations and electrolyte ion leakage (R2= 0.84; Pearson Correlation= -0.61; p-value Discussion Microwave irradiation with different exposure doses induced changes in various parameters of barley (H. vulgare genotype Giza-129). Germination parameters were dose-dependent and were stimulated by several exposure doses of microwave radiations. The percentage of germinated seeds, germination rate, relative germination coefficient and germination index at different time points were increased by short exposure to microwave radiations, however, height exposure doses of microwave-induced a significant decrease in germination consequences. Further, various growth parameters were increased by one or more low doses of microwave radiations and were significantly decreased by higher exposure doses. These results were found to be in agreement with (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015; Aladjadjiyan, 2002; CreȆºescu et al., 2013; Ragha et al., 2011). Seed germination is completed with the protrusion of the radicle through the seed coat (Bewley Black, 1994). The subsequent seedling growth involves the e stablishment of the root and shoot systems. The hypocotyl growth is caused principally by cell expansion and/or by elongation. The low power 10.5 GHz irradiation reduces the rate and percentage of germination in radish seeds and increases germination mean time, thus impairing seed germination. The germination reduction is linearly dependent on the MW power intensity incident on the seed. These findings support the simplified hypothesis that the power density on a plane perpendicular to wave direction decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the source. Membrane electrolyte leakage accompanies the plant response to stresses were monitored at different microwave exposure doses. Electrolyte leakage is widely used as a measure of stress-induced injury in plants (Bajji et al., 2002; Lee and Zhu, 2010). According to our results microwave radiation with dose 1 seconds and 60 seconds did not induce a change in electrolyte leakage; however, MW doses from 5 to 600 seconds significantly increased membrane electrolyte leakage compared to the untreated control. These results in agreement with previous results (Aladjadjiyan, 2002; Demidchik et al., 2014). A possible explanation by (Aladjadjiyan, 2002) suggests a hypothesis about the absorption of the microwave radiation energy by the hydrogen or magnesium atoms electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. The energy absorbed is redistributed and it causes changes in the chlorophyll molecule. By increasing the radiation power used for the treatment of the samples, the number of free ions in the extract decreases and hence its electroconductivity, too (Aladjadjiyan, 2002). Studies using patch-clamp method showed that the microwave exposure reduces trans-membrane protein channels opening in cultured chick myotubes probably because microwaves provoked an alteration of intracellular enzymatic processes e.g. protein kinase activation (DInzeo et al., 1988) (DInzeo et al., 1988). In plant cells, the protein of water channels namely aquaporins of vacuolar membranes and plasma membranes are involved in the regulation of water movement dynamics in growth and development of plant cell and in stress responses (Maurel, 1997). In case of radish seedlings, microwaves may reduced water passage across cell membrane blocking aquaporins and causing reduction of growth in a turgor-dependent manner (Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002). The increase of growth rate upon irradiation removal shows that during the elongation growth, the cell can partially repair damages occurred at the membrane level. There is a general consensus of opinion about the fact that MW induces a thermal detrimental effect over the biological system. In the present case, we assume that the damage induced by the low- power microwave exposure is non-thermal because a slight temperature increase (up to 25 oC} over radish seeds has been demonstrated to induce germination and growth increase (Scialabba Melati, 1995). The reduced germination percentage and the delayed seedling growth confirm the importance of a serious cause of concern about the influence of expo- sure to environmental MW fields. It can be stressed the importance of limiting in time the exposure to MW as suggested by the recovering ability of the biological system considered in the present research. Membrane Electrolyte leakage is an essential measure of the plants responses to various stresses. It is mostly associated with the K+ efflux, which is a common response in plant cells (Demidchik et al., 2014). The stress-induced electrolyte leakage is always accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and hence, leads to programmed cell death. Recent results exhibited that reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals) activates annexins, SKOR and GORK genes that catalyses K+ efflux from plant cells (Demidchik et al., 2014). Further, GORK-genes mediated potassium ion (K+) cause programmed cell death under oxidative stress. The intracellular endonucleases and proteases look to be blocked by potassium ions; consequently, the efflux of these K+ stimulates these nucleases and proteases hydrolytic enzymes causing programmed cell death (PCD). Potassium ions could play a metabolic switch role under moderate stress conditions decreasing the anabolic reactions rate and stimulating catabolic reactions, leading to the release of energy required for repairing and adaptation needs (Demidchik et al., 2014). The effect of microwaves on plants was the main purpose of the current study. Since it is a known problem, many other pieces of research were done on this topic. Having seen and observed other projects, we noticed that the major conflict was between whether microwaves affect plants germination or not. Our hypothesis was that they do affect it and, of course, it is well known that they do but it still made a challenge trying to prove it and it was found that every single step affected the results. Since it is likely that other people who did similar projects have done some errors through their study, the results were not reliable and could not be considered accurate enough.

The Physics Of A Crystal :: essays research papers

The Physics of a Crystal Most simple chemical compounds consist of crystals. If you were to examine a lump of crystalline material very closely, you would be able to see tiny individual crystals. All crystals have a definite geometric shape, determined by the way the atoms are linked together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mineralogists recognize 32 different classes of crystal, which are grouped into seven crystal systems. Crystal systems are described by their axis, which are imaginary lines that join the center of opposing faces of a crystal. For example, if a cubic crystal has three sets of opposing faces, it has three axes. They are all of equal length and are all at right angles to each other. Cubic crystals are described as being isometric, but not all isometric crystals are plain cubes. If the corners of a cube are cut off, the result is a polyhedron with six octagonal faced and eight triangular ones. Aside from the isometric system, there is also; a tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic and hexagonal system. Crystals may form when a solution of a substance evaporates. Crystals may also form when a vapor or molten substance solidifies. Allotropes are different forms of the same element. For Example, oxygen has two allotropes, normal oxygen and ozone. Pure carbon also has two allotropes, diamond and graphite. A crystal of diamond is in fact a single giant molecule in which every carbon atom is linked to four other, by four equal, strong bonds. These bonds are arranged tetrahedrally round each atom and there are no planes along which the giant molecule can easily be split. This quality is what gives diamond its tremendous hardness.

Prezi Reflection

Prezi Reflection and Review The entire process of creating and presenting the Prezi was a huge collaborative learning experience for me. Time management was one of the greatest challenges we faced throughout the creation process. As a group, we had to find non-clashing time slots in our schedules in order to meet and design a layout for our project. After brainstorming and designating four major areas of interest for each team member through texts and emails, we made an appointment at the CommLab. One of the English professors helped us with learning the Prezi interface and facilitated the designing of the structure for our Prezi.The toughest challenge our group faced was to maintain coherence throughout our project. This was intrinsically difficult because our group focused on the diversity of reality and thus we went into very unique branches of thought such as Fundamental Science, Politics, Art, etc. Later on, Professor Harkey gave us valuable feedback as to how to orient our visu al structure in order to achieve maximum engagement and coherence. Everything started to fall in place when we created a linked Prezi which allowed all four of us to access and edit the group’s Prezi simultaneously and independently at our own convenience.I would say this is one of Prezi’s greatest advantages over other presentation softwares. It was incredible for me to log onto our Prezi presentation at say 11:30 p. m. and see my teammates adding content. I could literally see the Prezi grow radially building up with more connections between major areas of interest. It was tough not to get sucked into one of my partner’s chain of thought as he or she was dynamically appending the presentation. However, these distractions proved to be beneficial when we began texting each other while observing each other’s contribution.Creativity manifested itself in the minor changes we made while we were working on the presentation together. Technology seemed to overpo wer obstacles such as distance and time and it gave us a feeling of control. It created a hyperreality by almost convincing us that we were working in the same room together. Our group was assigned to review group Foxtrot. The major question they tried to answer in their presentation was â€Å"what is realness with reference to the real world? † In terms of their organization, they followed a very simple structure comprised of concentric circles.This made it easy for the audience to follow along in a sequential manner but I feel they slightly underutilized Prezi’s capabilities. For each subtopic, they were able to present a well justified argument in their view. I felt they could have enriched their presentation in this aspect by justifying their claims through more perspectives. One good example of the multimodal approach can be found in their presentation. They first used a video with text alone showing the dialogue from the movie, The Matrix. Then, they played the a ctual piece containing that dialogue.Thus, it was an instance where they mixed oral, visual, and non-verbal modes quite fluently. The unique aspect about their presentation that distinguishes them is the fact that they relied on verbal communication relatively more than any other group in our class. Thus, one is inclined to believe that their presentation is brief when viewing their Prezi independently although that is not the reality. The very act of focusing their presentation orally to create a discussive environment shows a good deal of Rhetorical Awareness. They could have achieved a better sense of balance in this regard by distributing the time each member spoke equally.Overall, they did well in all these different areas of evaluation. They especially did well when you take into account that their presentation was broken into two pieces due to time constraints and they were one member short during the presentation. I can clearly see that the entire Prezi assignment has helped both of our groups attain some clarity on the different issues that â€Å"realness† brings up. It has also given us a better understanding of how different modes can be used to create different responses in the audience with the same content. The Prezi assignment like I said before has truly been a great learning experience.

Interactional View Theory Essay

This theory states that within family relationships there can often be misconceptions between each family member and the problem can only be transformed when addressed by outside members of the family (or situation), or simply stepping outside the situation yourselves and looking at all possible aspects that way, or reframing. Watzlawick claims that through the repetitive actions of a family system, a self- ­regulating, inter- ­depending network of feedback loops guided by member’s rules, we tend to stick to a status quo, or a family homeostasis, when dealing with issues within our families. In doing that, we often automatically assume, or put a label on, a situation to be how we see it from our personal views rather than looking at the whole picture and everyone’s views who are involved. Once we take that outside- ­looking- ­in approach we have to take into consideration both sides of the communication in the situation: the content of the situation, the report part of a message (verbally), and the relationship between members communicating, the command part of a message (nonverbally). In doing this as well as analyzing all aspects of the situation we can eventually come to an agreement on how to approach and solve the actual issue. Growing up with a health practitioner as a parent, getting sick is never anyone elses fault but your own and sympathy is almost never present in those situations. I recently had an extreme food- ­ poisoning incident which caused much havoc in my family, but the process of analyzing and solving this issue is a perfect example of Watzlawick’s theory. A few years ago my mom decided to go back to school and study healthy living, diet, and the ways of an organic, raw vegan. This changed her whole life, my whole pantry, and the way she approached almost any situation. Anytime something does not go the way it should having to do with my body, energy, moods, etc. if I go to my mom for advice the answer is always about diet, sleep patterns, or other healthy living styles. Which is accurate and understandable to a certain extent but, in mine and my stepdad’s minds, it does not apply to every situation. I do eat very healthy compared to the average person and I try to not eat a lot of meats, and especially not red meats, but on occassion I do enjoy treating myself to, what I call, a â€Å"cheat meal.† A few months back when visiting friends out of town, I decided to go all out and try this â€Å"world- ­famous† burger at a local burger joint. Might I say, it was quite the burger, but the aftermath was seven days of pure distaste, pain, and regret. Of course when coming to my mom for advice on the situation she immediately put all blame on me for not choosing â€Å"wisely† on my food decisions. My stepdad, on the other hand, eats a good amount of red meats and had actually been to this particular restaurant many times before, having no issues. He said i probably just got a bug from touching the â€Å"world famous† burger joint door handles and putting my hand to my face, or something of that sort. My take on the situation was different from both of theirs. I thought it was all in my mind because I am typically against eating red meats and i violated my self morals therefore causing me to feel guilty to an extent where I caused myself to actually be sick. Hearing each member’s take on the situation caused havoc and an unnecessary issue that drove away from the actual problem. Until we all sat down and open- ­mindedly listened to each person’s reasoning did we all realize how ridiculous the whole situation was, and how no one actually knew the official cause of my illness but arguing about what might be because of our personal stances was just silly and almost irrelevant. When approaching the situation, as Watzlawick predicted in his theory, my mom, stepdad, and I, originally, all took our individual opinions and pushed them on one another assuming that they were the only way. My mom saying the my stepdad was an enabler, one whose non- ­assertive behavior allows others to continue in an addiction or other wrong- ­doing, and in defending himself, my stepdad saying she was biased because of her personal beliefs on eating habits. Once we agreed to sit down and talk about each person’s perspective on things using metacommunication, communication about communication, and taking into consideration why each of us acted a certain way and how it might have affected the others, we could finally come to agreement and be at peace. We decided that if we all would have approached each other in a more open- ­minded, understanding manner using one- ­across communication, conversational moves used to neutralize or level control within the exchange, rather than trying to one- ­up communicate, place conversational moves on each other to gain control of the exchange, with each other, it would have been a symmetrical interchange, an interaction based on equal power, and the conflict might not have happened at all. I find the Interactional View Theory to be quite on point, and though Griffin found much to critique I might have to disagree and say, while the theory may not be absolutely perfect and one- ­hundred percent accurate in every situation, it does apply to most of, at least, my family controversies, for example, this particular incident. From this theory I was made aware of how often I am to quickly ignore my parents’ responses as initial reactions to them being repetitive and almost biased in their advice, and how I can be more open- ­minded in those situations. I was also made aware of how to think and approach my parents in certain situations, such as food poisoning, to trigger a more calm and open- ­minded response from them. I enjoyed reading, comparing, and analyzing this theory and will begin to consciously apply it to my future conversations with my family members as I did in the food poisoning example, but this time before the incident can happen or get worse.

Samesex Marriage essays

Samesex Marriage essays There are many important issues discussed in public policy today. One of these issues is homosexual marriage. This is an important issue because it deals with a relatively large minority of the United States. This issue is put into many different lights. Those of morals, family values and religion; and those of equality, constitutionality, and right to privacy. The aspect with the most relevance is constantly left up to debate. Homosexuals are 'gay' due to a combination of factors. These factors are environment and society-the outside influences- and genetics. Hence, homosexuals do not decide their own sexuality, nor do heterosexuals. Therefore, homosexuals should have the same rights as heterosexuals, one of these rights being marriage. If it is proven that there is indeed a gene that causes homosexuality, than we can draw a parallel between not allowing homosexuals to marry and not allowing blonds to marry. This is why it is of great importance to public policy whether or not homosexuality is predetermined. Some now believe that homosexuality is genetically predetermined by a gene on the X chromosome. If this is the case, then gays cannot decide their sexual orientation, for it is predetermined. Hence, not allowing those who are genetically inclined to prefer the same sex to marry leaves homosexuals with three choices. The first is to remain celibate their entire lives so as not to "live in sin"; the second is to marry someone they do not truly love or find attractive simply for the marriage benefits; the third and final choice is to live together with their partner and face the dirty looks of fellow citizens, simply because they are living together though they are not married. Marriage goes beyond the benefits, however. The institution of marriage is a very respected one, and holds much sentimental value for many people. If we look at the Declaration of Independence for inspiration, we read that all men...

Evaluate feyerabend's argument that society needs to be defended Essay

Evaluate feyerabend's argument that society needs to be defended against science. to what extent does science deserve the specia - Essay Example In these two books, he expresses and defends his ideas on the nature of scientific methods, concluding that there are no ground rules on governing scientific methods. He opposed the idea of having a single rigid scientific process to which all scientific research is carried out with the argument that this would make science predictable thus denying it the opportunity to evolve (Feyerabend 2000). In this study, Feyerabend shows that new findings in science, on which theories are later founded, have enormous influence from past events, theoriesand facts. Scientists researching in a new area of study do not only apply old scientific methods in fresh observations but they also observe the field under study under the mental influence of old theories and already existing facts. To this effect, much of their findings will be subjected towards what they already know in this field, such that their new work appears to marchnew observations to old facts and while improving them to come up with new theories. This process shows high levels of falsification in science, where scientists will do anything to defend their theories and ensure that they fit in with significant facts to avoid dismissal (Feyerabend 2000).With these and other arguments, Feyerabend uses philosophical facts and methods to show reasons why the society should be defended from science. This paper evaluates Feyerabend’s argument that the society should be protected from science, and the degree to which science warrant the special epistemic status it enjoys. The paper achieves its aim by looking at science and society, and then narrows down to the effect of science on eduation and religion. Through this, this essay will cover the need of protecting the society from science and the significance of science in such areas, which warrant its use in them. Science and Society- Scientific Methods Feyerabend developed an anarchistic philosophy of science. Anarchism is a political philosophy in which all forms of state authority are viewed as undesirable and unnecessary. Anarchists advocate for a free society that is based on voluntary participation in activities, and freedom of association between individuals and groups. Anarchism involves opposing the influence of authority and hierarchies that affect human interaction within a society within a state. These societies advocate for a society with no hierarchies and have no influence from state institutions. Feyerand advocated for separation of the state from science in the same manner that religion is detached from the state in the modern world (Feyerabend 2000). He envisioned a society where all traditions have equivalent treatment with equal privileges in accessing attention and central power. The period of the late 90’s was when science was honourable and viewed as a great privilege. Scientific facts were treated with great reverence to the point where individuals sacrifices their traditional and cultural believes Feyerand thou ght that too much credit was given to science in a situation where the society was not fully equipped with enough information and facts on the true nature of science. The society was therefore, exposed to science without proper information on the traditions, theories and functionalities of science. This was done since it was a new

The Doctrine of the Church Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Doctrine of the Church - Research Paper Example Why are you so downcast, O my soul? Why do you sign within me? Hope in God! For I shall again be thanking him, in the presence of my savior and my God.† (Psalm 41:5-6). Through these two biblical passages, we can conclude that God intended for the people to set one day aside for His worship, a day in which there can be no other distractions. God also encouraged the people to assemble in a â€Å"procession to the house of God,† in order to give thanks and to lift the soul - for hope in God, and thanksgiving in the presence of God, with others in a throng, is the antidote to a downcast soul. God clearly intended that the people not forget Him, which is why He instructed the people to set aside a day to remember him each week, and the encouragement to assemble, both in the Hebrews passage and the Psalm passage shows that assembly is the chosen way to remember Him. The Lord also meant for the assemblies to be a way for people to gather together to â€Å"arouse one another to charity and good works.† (Hebrews 10:24). This is the first part of the epistle in which the Lord exhorts the people to not forsake assemblage. The Lord clearly wants us to be mindful of charity and good works for others, and He clearly intends that the assemblage be a way for people to gather together to arouse one another to perform these works. This is one of His intentions for these assemblies, along with remembering and worshiping Him and giving Him thanks. Hebrews 10:25 also contained the phrase â€Å"and this all the more as you see the Day drawing near.† (Hebrews 10:25).